Delineating Theory for GPS Surveying

The global positioning system (GPS) will have a major impact in the way we measure. It is argued that GPS will increase the public awareness for spatial referencing and that this, in addition to GPS/s technical revolution in measurement and other ancillary developments, will create new opportunities throughout the interdisciplinary world. Because GPS techniques are introduced so rapidly, there is a need for an educational response. To foster such a response, the elements of the theory of GPS surveying are delineated. The following elements are identified: satellite orbital motion and time, structure of satellite transmissions, environmental impacts on GPS signals, the observables, estimation theory, and geodetic frame. Educational response is required in the form of continuing education as well as inclusion in university curricula. It is suggested that at least one university level GPS course should be required for civil engineers and that such a GPS course be a recommended science elective for other engineers.