Unified Flexural Resistance Equations for Stability Design of Steel I-Section Members: Moment Gradient Tests
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 134, Issue 9
Abstract
The 2004 AASHTO and 2005 AISC provisions for flexural design of steel I-section members have been revised in their entirety relative to previous specifications to simplify their logic, organization, and application, simultaneously improving their accuracy and generality. This paper evaluates the lateral-torsional and flange local buckling (LTB and FLB) resistance predictions from these specifications versus the results from moment gradient experimental tests. Two types of moment gradient tests are considered: (1) “end-loaded” tests in which the moment varies linearly within the critical unbraced length and (2) “internally loaded” tests in which the member is subjected to concentrated transverse load, resulting in a multilinear moment diagram within the critical unbraced length. A total of 27 welded and 10 rolled I-section end-loaded FLB tests, 73 rolled and 93 welded end-loaded LTB tests, and 129 rolled and 111 welded internally loaded LTB tests are considered. Reliability indices are estimated for load and resistance factor design of buildings based on the statistics from these tests combined with established statistics for material and fabrication bias factors and the ASCE 7 load model.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writers express their sincere thanks to the members of AISC TC4 (Louis Geschwindner, Chair), the AISI LRFD Specification Task Force (Dennis Mertz, Chair), and the AASHTO T14 Technical Committee for Steel Design (Ed Wasserman, Chair) for their efforts in the updating of the AISC and AASHTO flexural strength provisions. Also, the NCHRP Project Nos. 12-38 (Chai Yoo and Dann Hall, co-PIs) and 12-52 (John Kulicki, PI) teams are thanked for providing substantial contributions. Special thanks are extended to Michael Grubb of Bridge Software Development International, Ltd. for extensive input on all attributes of the developments. Professors Ted Galambos of the University of Minnesota and Bruce Ellingwood of Georgia Institute of Technology provided valuable input. Professors Yuhshi Fukumoto and Masahiro Kubo of Nagoya University, Japan, catalogued a large number of LTB tests originally in (Fukumoto and Kubo 1977). Professors Fukumoto, Kubo, and Yoshito Itoh of Nagoya University provided measured properties and tests results from 171 internally loaded tests. The research by these investigators greatly facilitated the data collection and analyses conducted in this study. This research was funded by Professional Services Industries, Inc. and the Federal Highway Administration, and by the ASCE Structural Engineering Institute. The financial support from these organizations is gratefully acknowledged. The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the above individuals, groups, and organizations.
References
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (1998). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, 2nd Ed. with 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 Interim Provisions, Washington D.C.
American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO). (2004). AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications, 3rd Ed. with 2005 Interim Provisions, Washington, D.C.
Adams, P. F., Lay, M. G., and Galambos, T. V. (1964). “Experiments on high strength steel members.” Report No. 297.8, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (1986). Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings, Chicago.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (1999). Load and resistance factor design specification for structural steel buildings, Chicago.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (2005). “Specification for structural steel buildings.” ANSI/AISC360-05, Chicago.
ASCE. (2006). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ASCE/SEI7-05, Reston, Va.
Barth, K. E. (1996). “Moment-rotation characteristics for inelastic design of steel bridge beams and girders.” Doctoral dissertation, Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, Ind.
Basler, K., Yen, B. T., Mueller, J. A., and Thurlimann, B. (1960). “Web buckling tests on welded plate girders.” WRC Bulletin No. 64, Welding Research Council, New York.
Boeraeve, P., Lognard, B., Janss, J., G’erady, J. C., and Schleich, J. B. (1993). “Elasto-plastic behavior of steel frameworks.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 27(1–3), 3–21.
Carskaddan, P. S. (1968). “Shear buckling of unstiffened hybrid beams.” J. Struct. Div., 94(8), 1965–1990.
Climenhaga, J. J., and Johnson, R. P. (1972). “Local buckling in continuous composite beams.” Struct. Eng., 50(9), 367–374.
Cooper, P. B., Galambos, T. V., and Ravindra, M. K. (1978). “LRFD criteria for plate girders.” J. Struct. Div., 104(9), 1389–1407.
Dimitri, J. R., and Ostapenko, A. (1970). “Pilot tests on the static strength of unsymmetrical plate girders.” WRC Bulletin No. 156, Welding Research Council, New York.
Driscoll, G. C., and Beedle, L. S. (1957). “The plastic behavior of structural members and frames.” Weld. J. (Miami, FL, U.S.), 36(6), 275-s–286-s.
Dux, P. F., and Kitipornchai, S. (1983). “Inelastic beam buckling experiments.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 3(1), 3–9.
Ellingwood, B. E., MacGregor, J. G., Galambos, T. V., and Cornell, C. A. (1982). “Probability-based load criteria: Load factors and load combinations.” J. Struct. Div., 108(5), 978–997.
Fahnestock, L. A., and Sause, R. (1998). “Flexural strength and ductility of HPS-100W Steel I-girders.” ATLSS Rep. No. 98-05, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa.
Frost, R. W., and Schilling, C. G. (1964). “Behavior of hybrid beams subjected to static loads.” J. Struct. Div., 90(3), 55–88.
Fukumoto, Y. (1976). “Lateral buckling of welded beams and girders in HT 80 steel,” Preliminary Rep. 10th Congress, IABSE, Tokyo, 403–408.
Fukumoto, Y., and Itoh, Y. (1981). “Statistical study of experiments on welded beams,” J. Struct. Div., 107(1), 89–103.
Fukumoto, Y., Itoh, Y., and Kubo, M. (1980). “Strength variation of laterally unsupported beams.” J. Struct. Div., 106(1), 165–181.
Fukumoto, Y., and Kubo, M. (1977). “An experimental review of lateral buckling of beams and girders.” International colloquium on stability of structures under static and dynamic loads, ASCE, Reston, Va., 541–562.
Galambos, T. V. (1998). Guide to stability design criteria for metal structures, T. V. Galambos, ed., Structural Stability Research Council, Wiley Interscience, New York.
Galambos, T. V., Ellingwood, B. E., MacGregor, J. G., and Cornell, C. A. (1982). “Probability-based load criteria: Assessment of current design practice.” J. Struct. Div., 108(5), 959–977.
Green, P. S. (2000). “The inelastic behavior of flexural members fabricated from high performance steel.” Doctoral dissertation, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa.
Grubb, M. A., and Carskaddan, P. S. (1979). “Autostress design of highway bridges. Phase 3: Initial moment rotation tests.” Research Laboratory Rep., United States Steel Corporation, Monroeville, Pa.
Grubb, M. A., and Carskaddan, P. S. (1981). “Autostress design of highway bridges, phase 3: Moment rotation requirements.” Research Laboratory Rep., United States Steel Corporation, Monroeville, Pa.
Hash, J. B. (2001). “Shear capacity of hybrid steel girders.” MS thesis, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
Hechtman, R. A., Hattrup, J. S., Styer, E. F., and Tiedemann, J. L. (1957). “Lateral buckling of rolled steel beams.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 122, 823–843.
Helwig, T. A., Frank, K. H., and Yura, J. A. (1997). “Lateral-torsional buckling of singly symmetric I-beams.” J. Struct. Eng., 123(9), 1172–1179.
Holtz, N. M., and Kulak, G. L. (1973). “Web slenderness limits for compact beams.” Structural Engineering Rep. No. 43, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta., Canada.
Janss, J., and Massonnet, C. (1967). “The extension of plastic design to steel A52.” Pub. IABSE, 27, 15–30.
Kamtekar, A. G., Dwight, J. B., and Threlfall, B. D. (1974). “Tests on hybrid plate girders (report 3).” Rep. No. CUED/C-Struct/TR41, Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, Mass.
Kemp, A. R. (1986). “Factors affecting the rotation capacity of plastically designed members.” Struct. Eng., 64B(2), 28–35.
Kemp, A. R. (1996). “Inelastic local and lateral buckling in design codes.” J. Struct. Eng., 122(4), 374–382.
Kim, Y. D., and White, D. W. (2007). “Practical buckling solutions for web-tapered members.” Proc., Annual Stability Conf., Structural Stability Research Council, Missouri Univ. of Science and Technology, Rolla, Mo., 259–278.
Kirby, P. A., and Nethercot, D. A. (1979). Design for structural stability, Wiley, New York.
Kitipornchai, S., and Trahair, N. S. (1975). “Inelastic buckling of simply supported steel I-beams.” J. Struct. Div., 101(7), 1333–1345.
Kottegoda, N. T., and Rosso, R. (1997). Statistics, probability and reliability for civil and environmental engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Kubo, M., Kitahori, H., and Yagi, T. (1997). “Lateral-torsional buckling of monosymmetric I-beams with compact section.” Struct. Eng./Earthquake Eng., 14(2), 229s–241s.
Kulhmann, U. (1989). “Definition of flange slenderness limits on the basis of rotation capacity values.” J. Constr. Steel Res., 14(1), 21–40.
Lee, S. C., and Yoo, C. H. (1999). “Experimental study on ultimate shear strength of web panels.” J. Struct. Eng., 125(8), 838–846.
Lew, H. S., and Toprac, A. A. (1968). “The static strength of hybrid plate girders.” S. F. R. L. Technical Rep. No. P550-11, Structures Fatigue Research Laboratory, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.
Lindner, J. (1977). “Developments on lateral torsional buckling.” International colloquium on stability of structures under static and dynamic loads, ASCE, Reston, Va., 532–540.
Lukey, A. F., Smith, R. J., Hosain, M. U., and Adams, P. F. (1969). “Experiments on wide-flange beams under moment gradient.” Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 142, New York.
McDermott, J. F. (1969). “Plastic bending of A514 steel beams.” J. Struct. Div., 95(9), 1851–1871.
Mikami, I., Kimura, T., Koichi, T., and Fujisaki, A. (1991). “Ultimate strength test of plate girders with unsymmetrical cross-section under bending/shear.” Technology Rep. of Kansai Univ., Osaka, Japan, 165–186.
Nakai, H., Kitada, T., and Ohminami, R. (1985). “Experimental study on buckling and ultimate strength of curved girders subjected to combined loads of bending and shear.” Proc., JSCE, 356, 445–454.
Nethercot, D. A., and Byfield, M. P. (1997). “Calibration of design procedures for steel plate girders.” Adv. Struct. Eng., 1(2), 111–126.
Nethercot, D. A., and Trahair, N. S. (1976). “Lateral buckling approximations for elastic beams.” Struct. Eng., 54(6), 197–204.
Nishino, F., and Okumura, T. (1968). Experimental Investigation of the Strength of Plate Girders in Shear, 8th Congress, IABSE, New York, 451–463.
O’Eachteirn, P. O. (1983). “An experimental investigation into the lateral buckling strength of plate girders.” Doctoral dissertation, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.
Patterson, P. J., Corrodo, J. A., Huang, J. S., and Yen, B. T. (1970). “Fatigue and static tests of two welded plate girders.” Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 155, New York, 1–18.
Roberts, T. M., and Narayanan, R. (1988). “Strength of laterally unrestrained monosymmetric beams.” Thin-Walled Struct., 6(4), 305–319.
Rockey, K. C., and Skaloud, M. (1972). “The ultimate load behavior of plate girders loaded in shear.” Struct. Eng., 50(1), 29–47.
Sakai, F., Doi, K., Nishino, F., and Okumwa, T. (1966). “Failure tests of plate girders using large sized models.” Structural Engineering Rep., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo.
Salem, E. S., and Sause, R. (2004). “Flexural strength and ductility of highway bridge I-girders fabricated from HPS-100W steel.” ATLSS Rep. No. 04–12, Lehigh Univ., Bethlehem, Pa.
Salvadori, M. G. (1956). “Lateral buckling of eccentrically loaded I-columns.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 121(1), 1163–1178.
Sawyer, H. A. (1961). “Post-elastic behavior of wide-flange steel beams.” J. Struct. Div., 87(8), 43–71.
Schilling, C. G. (1985). “Moment-rotation tests of steel bridge girders.” Project 188 autostress design of highway bridges, American Iron and Steel Institute, Chicago.
Schilling, C. G., and Morcos, S. S. (1988). “Moment-rotation tests of steel girders with ultracompact flanges.” Rep. on Project. 188, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C.
Schuller, W., and Ostapenko, A. (1970). “Tests on a transversely stiffened and on a longitudinally stiffened unsymmetrical plate girder.” Welding Research Council Bulletin No. 156, New York, 23–47.
Suzuki, T., and Ono, T. (1970a). “Experimental study of inelastic beams (1)—Beam under uniform moment.” Trans. Architectural Institute of Japan, 45(168), 77–84 (in Japanese).
Suzuki, T., and Ono, T. (1970b). “Experimental study of inelastic beams (2)—Beam under moment gradient.” Trans. Architectural Inst. of Japan, 45(171), 31–36 (in Japanese).
Suzuki, T., and Ono, T. (1970c). “Experimental study of inelastic beams (3)—Beam bracing on the both sides of plastic hinge.” Trans. Architectural Inst. of Japan, 45(175), 69–74 (in Japanese).
White, D. W. (2008a). “Structural behavior of steel.” Steel bridge design handbook, Chap. 6, National Steel Bridge Alliance, Chicago.
White, D. W. (2008b). “Unified flexural resistance equations for stability design of steel I-section members—Overview.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(9), 1405–1424.
White, D. W., and Barker, M. (2008). “Shear resistance of transversely stiffened steel I-girders.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(9), 1425–1436.
White, D. W., Barker, M., and Azizinamini, A. (2008). “Shear strength and moment-shear interaction in transversely stiffened steel I-girders.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(9), 1437–1449.
White, D. W., and Jung, S.-K. (2007). “Effect of web distortion on the buckling strength of noncomposite discretely braced I-beams.” Eng. Struct., 29(8), 1872–1888.
White, D. W., and Jung, S.-K. (2008). “Unified flexural resistance equations for stability design of steel I-section members—Uniform bending tests.” J. Struct. Eng., 134(9), 1450–1470.
White, D. W., and Kim, Y. D. (2004). “Unified resistance equations for stability design of steel I-section members—Moment gradient tests.” Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Materials Rep. No. 26, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta.
Yakel, A. J., Mans, P., and Azizinamini, A. (1999). “Flexural capacity of hps-70w bridge girders.” NaBRO Rep., Univ. of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Neb.
Yura, J. A., Galambos, T. V., and Ravindra, M. K. (1978). “The bending resistance of steel beams.” J. Struct. Div., 104(9), 1355–1369.
Zentz, A. (2002). “Experimental moment-shear interaction and TFA behavior in hybrid plate girders.” MS thesis, Univ. of Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, Mo.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 134 • Issue 9 • September 2008
Pages: 1471 - 1486
Copyright
© 2008 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 24, 2005
Accepted: Feb 1, 2008
Published online: Sep 1, 2008
Published in print: Sep 2008
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Benjamin W. Schafer
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.