Truss Model for Nonlinear Analysis of RC Members Subject to Cyclic Loading
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 10
Abstract
The nonlinear finite-element analysis of RC members subjected to cyclic loading requires complicated modeling and analytical techniques. In the present study, a simplified nonlinear analytical method using a truss model was developed. In the nonlinear truss model, a RC member was idealized by longitudinal, transverse, and diagonal truss elements. Each element was modeled as a composite element of the concrete and the reinforcing bar. Cyclic stress–strain relationships were developed in order to describe the nonlinear behavior of the composite concrete and reinforcing-bar elements. The nonlinear truss model was applied to existing test specimens with various reinforcing-bar layouts under various loading conditions. The results predicted by the nonlinear truss model were compared with the test results. The comparison revealed that the nonlinear truss model predicted the load-carrying capacity and energy dissipation of the test specimens with reasonable precision. However, to estimate the deformation capacity of the specimens, the compression softening of concrete struts and the buckling and fracture of the reinforcing bar must be predicted more accurately.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Al-Nahlawi, K. A., and Wight, J. K. (1992). “Beam analysis using concrete tensile strength in truss models.” ACI Struct. J., 89(3), 284–289.
American Concrete Institute (ACI). (2005). “Building code requirements for structural concrete.” ACI 318-05, ACI 318R-05, Farmington Hills, Mich.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2000). “Prestandard and commentary for the seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings.” FEMA-356, Reston, Va.
Bertero, V. V., Popov, E. P., and Wang, T. Y. (1974). “Hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete flexural members with special web reinforcing bar.” Rep. No. EERC 74-9, College of Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Brown, R. H., and Jirsa, J. O. (1971). “Reinforced concrete beams under load reversals.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 68(5), 380–390.
Cervenka, V., and Gerstle, K. H. (1971). “Inelastic analysis of reinforced concrete panels: Theory.” Publ. IABSE, 31(11), 31–45.
Comité Euro-International du Béton/Fédération Internationale de la Précontrainte. (1993). CEB-FIP model code 1990: Design code, Thomas Telford, London, 437.
Feenstra, P. H., and de Borst, R. (1993). “Aspects of robust computational modeling for plain and reinforced concrete.” Heron, 38(4), 5–26.
Foster, S. J., and Gilbert, R. I. (1996). “The design of non-flexural members with normal and high-strength concrete,” ACI Struct. J., 93(1), 3–10.
Galano, L., and Vignoli, A. (2000). “Seismic behavior of short coupling beams with different reinforcing-bar layouts.” ACI Struct. J., 97(6), 876–885.
Han, S. W., and Jee, N. Y. (2005). “Seismic behaviors of columns in ordinary and intermediate moment resisting concrete frames.” Eng. Struct., 27(6), 951–962.
Hibbit, Karlsson, and Sorensen, Inc. (2002). ABAQUS user’s manual, version 6.3, Hibbit, Karlsson, and Sorensen, R.I.
Hwang, S., Fang, W., Lee, H., and Yu, H. (2001). “Analytical model for predicting shear strength of squat walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(1), 43–50.
Lee, J., and Watanabe, F. (2003). “Predicting the longitudinal axial strain in the plastic hinge regions of reinforced concrete beams subjected to reversed cyclic loading.” Eng. Struct., 25(7), 927–939.
MacGregor, J. G., Sozen, M. A., and Siess, C. P. (1960). “Strength and behavior of prestressed concrete beams with web reinforcement.” Structural research series 210, Univ. of Illinois, Civil Engineering Studies, Urbana, Ill.
Mander, J. B., Priestley, M. J. N., and Park, R. (1988). “Theoretical stress–strain model for confined concrete,” J. Struct. Eng., 114(8), 1804–1826.
Mansour, M., Lee, J., and Hsu, T. T. C. (2001). “Cyclic stress–strain of concrete and steel bars in membrane elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(12), 1402–1411.
Moyer, M. J., and Kowalsky, M. J. (2003). “Influence of tension strain on buckling of reinforcing bar in concrete columns.” ACI Struct. J., 100(1), 75–85.
Oesterle, R. G., et al. (1976). “Earthquake-resistant structural walls—Tests of isolated walls.” Report to the National Science Foundation, Construction Technology Laboratories, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., 315.
Okamura, H., and Maekawa, K. (1991). Nonlinear analysis and constitutive models of reinforced concrete, Gihodo–Shuppan, Tokyo.
Park, H., and Klingner, R. E. (1997). “Nonlinear analysis of RC members using plasticity with multiple failure criteria.” J. Struct. Eng., 123(5), 643–651.
Paulay, T. (1971). “Coupling beams of reinforced concrete shear walls.” ASCE J. Struct. Div., 97(3), 843–862.
Popov, E. P., Bertero, V. V., and Krawinkler, H. (1972). “Cyclic behavior of three R.C. flexural members with high shear.” Rep. No.: EERC 72-5, College of Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Ramm, E. (1980). “Strategies for tracing nonlinear response near limit points.” Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis in Structural Mechanics: Proc., Europe–US Workshop, Springer, Berlin, 63–89.
Saenz, I. P. (1964). “Discussion of ‘Equation for the stress-strain curve of concrete’ by Desayi and Krishnan.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 61(9), 1229–1235.
Sittipunt, C., Wood, L. S., Lukkunaprasit, P., and Pattararattanakul, P. (2001). “Cyclic behavior of reinforced concrete structural walls with diagonal web reinforcing bar.” ACI Struct. J., 98(4), 554–562.
Stevens, N. J., Uzumeri, S. M., Collins, M. P., and Will, G. T. (1991). “Reinforced concrete subjected to reversed cyclic shear-experiments and constitutive model.” ACI Struct. J., 88(2), 135–146.
Suda, K., Murayama, Y., Ichinomiya, T., and Shimbo, H. (1996). “Buckling behavior of longitudinal bars in concrete columns subjected to reversed lateral loading.” Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1753, Acapulco, Mexico.
Tanaka, H., and Park, R. (1990). “Effect of lateral confining reinforcement on the ductile behavior of reinforced concrete columns.” Rep. 90-2, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury, Auckland, New Zealand.
Tanaka, M., Esaki, F., and Ono, M. (2004). “Decreasing method of residual deformation of R/C column after earthquake excitation.” Proc. 13th World Conf. of Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 1928, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
To, N. H. T., Ingham, J. M., and Sritharan, S. (2001). “Monotonic nonlinear strut-and-tie computer models.” New Zealand Nat. Soc. Earthquake Eng. Bull, 34(3), 169–190.
To, N. H. T., Ingham, J. M., and Sritharan, S. (2003). “Cyclic strut-and-tie modeling of reinforced concrete structures.” Pacific Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 102, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Vecchio, F., and Collins, M. P. (1986). “The modified compression field theory for reinforced concrete elements subject to shear.” J. Am. Concr. Inst., 83(2), 219–231.
Wood, S. L. (1990). “Minimum tensile reinforcement requirements in walls.” ACI Struct. J., 86(4), 582–591.
Zhang, L. X., and Hsu, T. T. C. (1998). “Behavior and analysis of concrete membrane elements.” J. Struct. Eng., 124(1), 24–34.
Sittipunt, C., Wood, L. S.(1995). “Influence of web reinforcement on the cyclic response of structural walls.” ACI Struct. J., 92(6), 745–756.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 10 • October 2007
Pages: 1351 - 1363
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Feb 24, 2006
Accepted: Mar 9, 2007
Published online: Oct 1, 2007
Published in print: Oct 2007
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Dat Duthinh
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.