Seismic Reliability of Low-Rise Nonsymmetric Woodframe Buildings
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 5
Abstract
Seismic responses and reliability of a one-story L-shaped woodframe building tested at the CSIRO Structures Laboratory and a hypothetical two-story L-shaped building based on the test house were investigated using a three-dimensional hysteretic frame model under bidirectional ground motions. Parameters of the degrading and pinching hysteresis used for the shear walls were identified from whole house testing. The SAC ground motions for the Los Angeles area were used and the effects of torsion, bidirectional excitations, the variability in ground motion, structural modeling, collapse capacity, and vibration period were investigated. It was found that uncertainties due to ground motion and structural modeling are the major sources for increase in estimated structural demand. Coupling of torsion and bidirectional excitation also causes significant response magnification. Overall, the adverse effects considered could cause more than 150% increase in demand or, in probabilistic terms, a 1 order of magnitude increase in exceedance probability for a given demand. These findings could be helpful in putting into context the findings and conclusions of analytical studies of woodframe building performance under earthquakes that ignore these uncertainties and effects. Torsion should be minimized in design to alleviate coupling magnification with bidirectional excitations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Camelo, V. S., Beck, J. L., and Hall, J. F. (2002). “Dynamic characteristics of woodframe structures.” CUREE-Clatech Woodframe Project, Richmond, Calif.
Ceccotti, A., and Foschi, R. O. (1998). “Reliability assessment of wood shear walls under earthquake excitation.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Computational Stochastic Mechanics, Santorini, Greece.
Collins, M. S., Kasal, B., Paevere, P. J., and Foliente, G. C. (2005a). “Three-dimensional model of light frame wood buildings. I: Model description.” J. Struct. Eng., 131(4), 676–683.
Collins, M. S., Kasal, B., Paevere, P. J., and Foliente, G. C. (2005b). “Three-dimensional model of light frame wood buildings. II: Experimental investigation and validation of analytical model.” J. Struct. Eng., 131(4), 684–692.
Ellingwood, B. R., Rosowsky, D. V., Li, Y., and Kim, J. H. (2004). “Fragility assessment of light-frame wood construction subjected to wind and earthquake hazards.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(12), 1921–1930.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (1997). “NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings.” FEMA-273, FEMA, Washington, D.C., October 1997.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). (2000). “Recommended seismic design criteria for new steel moment-resisting buildings.” Rep. No. FEMA-350, SAC Joint Venture, Washington, D.C.
Filiatrault, A. (1990). “Static and dynamic analysis of timber shear walls.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 17(4), 643–651.
Filiatrault, A., Fischer, D., Folz, B., and Uang, C.-M. (2002). “Experimental parametric study on the in-plane stiffness of wood diaphragms.” Can. J. Civ. Eng., 29, 554–566.
Filiatrault, A., Foschi, R. O., and Folz, B. (1990). “Reliability of timber shear walls under wind and seismic loads.” Proc., Int. Timber Engineering Conf., Tokyo.
Fischer, D., Filiatrault, A., Folz, B., Uang, C.-M., and Seible, F. (2000). “Shake table tests of a two-story woodframe house.” Structural Systems Rep. No. SSRP 2000/15, Dept. of Structural Engineering., Univ. of Calif. at San Diego, San Diego.
Foliente, G. C. (1995). “Hysteresis modeling of wood joints and structural systems.” J. Struct. Eng., 121(6), 1013–1022.
Foliente, G. C., ed. (1997). “Earthquake performance and safety of timber structures.” Forest Products Society, Madison, Wis.
Foliente, G. C., Paevere, P., Saito, T., and Kawai, N. (2000). “Seismic capacity rating and reliability assessment of wood shear walls.” Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering, B.C., Canada, Paper 95.
Foliente, G. C., Singh, M. P., and Dolan, J. D. (1996a). “Response analysis of wood structures under natural hazard dynamic loads.” Wood Fiber Sci., 28(1), 110–127.
Foliente, G. C., Singh, M. P., and Noori, M. N. (1996b). “Equivalent linearization of generally pinching hysteretic, degrading system.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 25, 611–629.
Gupta, A. K., and Kuo, G. P. (1985). “Behavior of wood-framed shear walls.” J. Struct. Eng., 111(8), 1722–1733.
Gutkowski, R. M., and Castillo, A. L. (1988). “Single- and double-sheathed wood shear wall study.” J. Struct. Eng., 114(6), 1268–1284.
Hall, J. F. (2000). “The CUREE-Caltech woodframe project.” Proc., World Conf. on Timber Engineering (WCTE2000), B.C., Canada, Paper 7.1.1.
Hamburger, R. Q. (1995). “Lessons learned in the Northridge earthquake on wood frame buildings.” EQE International, Inc., August 12 version.
He, M., Lam, F., and Foschi, R. O. (2001). “Modeling three-dimensional timber light-frame buildings.” J. Struct. Eng., 127(8), 901–913.
Koshihara, M., Isoda, H., Minowa, C., and Sakamoto, I. (2004). “An experimental study on the collapsing process of wood conventional houses—Shaking table tests of real-size models.” Proc., 13th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Paper No. 1260.
Krawinkler, H., Medina, R., and Alavi, B. (2003). “Seismic drift and ductility demands and their dependence on ground motions.” Eng. Struct., 25(5), 637–653.
Krawinkler, H., Parisi, F., Ibarra, L., Ayoub, A., and Medina, R. (2000). “Development of a testing protocol for wood frame structures.” CUREE-Caltech Publication No. W-02, Richmond, Calif.
Lam, F., He, M., Prion, H. G. L., and Ventura, C. E. (2003). “Seismic response of asymmetric light-frame wood structures.” J. Struct. Eng., in press.
Luco, N., and Cornell, C. A. (1998). “Effects of random connection fractures on the demands and reliability for a 3-story pre-Northridge SMRF structure.” Proc., 6NCEE, (CD-ROM), Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, Calif.
Maes, M. A. (1996). “Ignorance factors using model expansion.” J. Eng. Mech., 122(1), 39–45.
Mosalam, K. M., Machado, C., Gliniorz, K., Naito, C., Kunkel, E., and Mahin, S. A. (2002). “Seismic evaluation of an asymmetric three-story woodframe building.” CUREE-Caltech Woodframe Project, CUREE, Richmond, Calif.
Paevere, P. J. (2002). “Full-scale testing, modelling and analysis of light-frame structures under lateral loading.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
Paevere, P. J., Foliente, G. C., and Kasal, B. (2003). “Load-sharing and redistribution in a one-story woodframe building.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(9), 1275–1284.
Rosowsky, D. V., and Kim, J. H. (2004). “Performance-based design of wood shearwalls considering performance of the overall structures.” Proc., 8th World Conf. Timber Engineering (WCTE2004), Lahti, Finland, 145–152.
Ruiz-García, J., and Miranda, E. (2003). “Inelastic displacement ratios for evaluation of existing structures.” Int. J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 32, 1237–1258.
Saito, T., Kanda, J., and Kani, N. (1998). “Seismic reliability estimate of building structures designed, according to the current Japanese design code.” Proc., SEWC’98, Elsevier Science, New York, Paper T180-2.
Seible, F., Filiatrault, A., and Uang, C.-M., eds. (1999). Proc., Invitational Workshop on Seismic Testing, Analysis and Design of Woodframe Construction, CUREE, Richmond, Calif.
Shimizu, H., Suzuki, Y., Suda, T., and Kitahara, A. (2004). “Seismic performance of wood houses by full-scale shaking tests of two-storied post and beam wooden frames.” Proc., 13th World Conf. Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, Paper No. 1487.
Somerville, P., Smith, N., Punyamurthula, S., and Sun, J. (1997). “Development of ground motion time histories for phase 2 of the FEMA/SAC steel project.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-97/04, Richmond, Calif.
Takizawa, H., and Aoyama, H. (1976). “Biaxial effects in modeling earthquake response of R/C structures.” Int. J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 4, 523–552.
Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, C. A. (2002). “Incremental dynamic analysis.” Int. J. Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31, 491–514.
van de Lindt, J. W., and Walz, M. A. (2003). “Development and application of wood shear wall reliability model.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(3), 405–413.
Ventura, C. E., Taylor, G. W., Prion, H. G. L., Kharrazi, M. H. K., and Pryor, S. (2002). “Full-scale shaking table studies of woodframe residential construction.” Proc., 7th U.S. National Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, Boston.
Wang, C-H., Foliente, G. C., and Paevere, P. (2002) “Seismic reliability analysis of a single-story L-shaped woodframe building.” Proc., ICOSSAR’01, Structural Safety and Reliability, Corotis et al., eds, Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse.
Wang, C-H., and Wen, Y. K. (2000a). “Evaluation of pre-Northridge low-rise steel buildings. I: Modeling.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(10), 1160–1168.
Wang, C-H., and Wen, Y. K. (2000b). “Evaluation of pre-Northridge low-rise steel buildings. II: Reliability.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(10), 1169–1176.
Wen, Y. K., and Foutch, D. A. (1997). “Proposed statistical and reliability framework for comparing and evaluating predictive models for evaluation and design and critical issues in developing such framework.” Rep. No. SAC/BD-97/03, FEMA/SAC Steel Project, Sacramento, Calif.
White, M. W., and Dolan, J. D. (1995). “Nonlinear shear-wall analysis.” J. Struct. Eng., 121(11), 1629–1635.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 5 • May 2006
Pages: 733 - 744
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 7, 2004
Accepted: Oct 11, 2004
Published online: May 1, 2006
Published in print: May 2006
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Shahram Sarkani
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.