Experimental Evaluation of Adaptive Elastomeric Base-Isolated Structures Using Variable-Orifice Fluid Dampers
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 131, Issue 6
Abstract
An experimental study of a base-isolated, 1:4 scale, three-story steel frame is presented. The isolation system incorporates laminated rubber (elastomeric) bearings combined with variable-orifice fluid dampers. The dynamic behavior of the variable-orifice dampers is modulated in accordance with an optimal feedback control algorithm. An experimental shaking table test program was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the variable-orifice dampers in reducing the dynamic response of the isolated test structure when subjected to both near-field and far-field earthquake records. The experimental test results demonstrate that the adaptive isolation system can significantly reduce the superstructure response compared to a conventional passive isolation system. In addition, analytical models of the isolated test structure were developed and calibrated via experimental system identification testing. Numerical simulations of the experimental tests demonstrate that the analytical models are well suited for describing the dynamic behavior of the isolated structure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The material contained in this paper is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant number CMS-9624227. This support is gratefully acknowledged. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Dynamic Isolation Systems, Inc. (DIS), Lafayette, California, donated the elastomeric bearings, and Dr. Armarnath Kasalanati, design engineer at DIS, assisted with the design of the bearings. Taylor Devices Inc., North Tonawanda, N.Y., and Moog, Inc., East Aurora, N.Y., donated the fluid dampers and servovalve, respectively. The support of Mr. Douglas P. Taylor, president of Taylor Devices, Inc., and Dr. Richard A. Aubrecht, vice president, Strategy and Technology at Moog, Inc., is sincerely appreciated. Finally, we thank the reviewers for their constructive comments, which resulted in an improved manuscript.
References
Asher, J. W., Young, R. P., and Ewing, R. D. (2001). “Seismic isolation design of the Arrowhead Regional Medical Center replacement project.” Struct. Des. Tall Build., 10(5), 321–334.
Burl, J. B. (1999). Linear optimal control: and methods, Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, Calif.
Chopra, A. K. (2001). Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering, 2nd Ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
Gavin, H., Alhan, C, and Oka, N. (2003). “Fault tolerance of semiactive seismic isolation.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(7), 922–932.
Green, M., and Limebeer, D. J. N. (1995). Linear robust control, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
Hall, J. F. (1999). “Discussion of ‘The role of damping in seismic isolation’.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(12), 1717–1720.
Hall, J. F., Heaton, T. H., Halling, M. W., and Wald, D. J. (1995). “Near source ground motion and its effects on flexible buildings.” Earthquake Spectra, 11(4), 569–605.
He, W. L., Agrawal, A. K., and Yang, J. N. (2003). “Novel semiactive friction controller for linear structures against earthquakes.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(7), 941–950.
Heaton, T. H., Hall, J. F., Wald, D. J., and Halling, M. W. (1995). “Response of high-rise and base-isolated buildings to a hypothetical 7.0 blind thrust earthquake.” Science, 267, 206–211.
Hsu, C. S., and Yu, X. (1995). “An extension of Luenberger observer-based compensators.” Proc., American Control Conf., Vol. 3, IEEE, Piscataway, N.J., 1974–1975.
Jabbari, F., Schmitendorf, W. E., and Yang, J. N. (1995). “ control for seismic-excited buildings with acceleration feedback.” J. Eng. Mech., 21(9), 994–1002.
Jang, J.-S. R., Sun, C.-T., and Mizutani, E. (1997). Neuro-fuzzy and soft computing: A computational approach to learning and machine intelligence, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
Kelly, J. M. (1999). “The role of damping in seismic isolation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(1), 3–20.
Kose, I. E., Schmitendorf, W. E., Jabbari, F., and Yang, J. N. (1996). “ active seismic response control using static output feedback.” J. Eng. Mech., 122(7), 651–659.
Kose, I. E., Jabbari, F., Schmitendorf, W. E., and Yang, J. N. (1998). “Controllers for quadratic stability and performance of a benchmark problem.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 27(11), 1385–1397.
Madden, G. J., Symans, M. D., and Wongprasert, N. (2002). “Experimental verification of seismic response of building frame with adaptive sliding base-isolation system.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(8), 1037–1045.
Makris, N. (1997). “Rigidity-plasticity-viscosity: Can electrorheological dampers protect base-isolated structures from near-source ground motions?” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(5), 571–591.
Naeim, F., and Kelly, J. M. (1999). Design of seismic isolated structures: From theory to practice, Wiley, Chichester, England.
Nagarajaiah, S. (1994). “Fuzzy controller for structures with hybrid isolation system.” Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural Control, International Association for Structural Control, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, TA2-67–TA2-76.
Nagarajaiah, S., Riley, M. A., and Reinhorn, A. (1993). “Control of sliding-isolated bridges with absolute acceleration feedback.” J. Eng. Mech., 119(11), 2317–2332.
Narasimhan, S., Nagarajaiah, S., Johnson, E. A., and Gavin, H. (2004). “Smart base isolated building benchmark problem.” Structures 2004—Building on the past: Securing the future, G. E. Blandford, ed., ASCE, Reston, Va., 1–8.
Niwa, N., Kobori, T., Takahashi, M., Midorikawa, H., Kurata, N., and Takayuki, M. (2000). “Dynamic loading test and simulation analysis of full-scale semi-active hydraulic damper for structural control.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29(6), 789–812.
Paolo, V., and Wen, Y. K. (1994). “Hybrid vibration control of MDOF hysteretic structures with neural networks.” Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural ControlInternational Association for Structural Control, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles, TA3-53–TA3-62.
Ramallo, J. C., Johnson, E. A., and Spencer Jr., B. F. (2002). “‘Smart’ base isolation systems.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(10), 1088–1099.
Reigles, D. G., and Symans, M. D. (2005). “Evaluation of seismic performance of smart base-isolated buildings.” Proc., 4th Int. Workshop on Structural Control, DEStech, Lancaster, Pa.
Riley, M. A., Reinhorn, A. M., and Nagarajaiah, S. (1998). “Implementation issues and testing of a hybrid sliding isolation system.” J. Eng. Struct., 20(3), 144–154.
Sahasrabudhe, S., Nagarajaiah, S., and Hard, C. (2000). “Experimental study of sliding isolated buildings with smart dampers subjected to near source ground motions.” Proc., Engineering Mechanics Conf., Austin, Texas.
Spencer Jr., B. F., and Nagarajaiah, S. (2003). “State of the art of structural control.” J. Struct. Eng., 129(7), 845–856.
Spencer Jr., B. F., Johnson, E. A., and Ramallo, J. C. (2000). “‘Smart isolation’ for seismic control.” J. Mech. Syst., Machine Elements Manuf., 43(3), 704–711.
Su, L., Ahmadi, G., and Tadjbaksh, I. G. (1989). “A comparative study of performances of various base isolation systems. I: Shear beam structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 18, 11–32.
Symans, M. D., and Constantinou, M. C. (1997). “Seismic testing of a building structure with a semi-active fluid damper control system.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(7), 759–777.
Symans, M. D., and Constantinou, M. C. (1999). “Semi-active control systems for seismic protection of structures: A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Struct.: J. Earthquake, Wind Ocean Eng., 21(6), 469–487.
Symans, M. D., and Kelly, S. W. (1999). “Fuzzy logic control of bridge structures using intelligent semi-active seismic isolation systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(1), 37–60.
Twitchell, B. S., and Symans, M. D. (2003). “Analytical modeling, system identification, and tracking performance of uniaxial seismic simulators.”J. Eng. Mech., 129(12), 1485–1488.
Welch, P. D. (1967). “The use of fast Fourier transform for the estimation of power spectra: A method based on time averaging over short, modified periodograms.” IEEE transactions on audio and electroacoustics, Vol. 2, IEEE, Piscataway, N.J., 70–73.
Wen, Y. K. (1989). “Method of random vibration of inelastic structures.” J. Appl. Mech. Rev., 42(2), 39–52.
Wongprasert, N. (2001). “Development of adaptive base isolation systems for seismic response control of structures.” PhD dissertation, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State Univ., Pullman, Wash.
Wongprasert, N., and Symans, M. D. (2005). “Numerical evaluation of adaptive base-isolated structures subjected to earthquake ground motions.” J. Eng. Mech.131(2), 109–119.
Yang, J. N., and Agrawal, A. K. (2002). “Semi-active hybrid control systems for nonlinear buildings against near-field earthquakes.” J. Eng. Struct., 24(3), 271–280.
Yang, J. N., Li, Z., Wu, J. C., and Hsu, I. R. (1994). “Control of sliding-isolated buildings using dynamic linearization.” Eng. Struct., 16(6), 437–444.
Yang, J. N., Wu, J. C., and Agrawal, A. K. (1995a). “Sliding mode control for nonlinear and hysteretic structures.” J. Eng. Mech., 121(12), 1330–1339.
Yang, J. N., Wu, J. C., and Li, Z. (1996a). “Control of seismic-excited building using active variable stiffness systems.” Eng. Struct., 18(8), 589–596.
Yang, J. N., Wu, J. C., Kawashima, K., and Unjoh, S. (1995b). “Hybrid control of seismic excited bridge structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 24(11), 1437–1451.
Yang, J. N., Wu, J. C., Reinhorn, A. M., and Riley, M. (1996b). “Control of sliding-isolated buildings using sliding-mode control.” J. Struct. Eng., 122(2), 179–186.
Yoshida, K., Yoshida, S., and Takeda, Y. (1999). “Semi-active control of base isolation using feedforward information of disturbance.” Proc., 2nd World Conf. on Structural Control, Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 377–386.
Yoshioka, H., Ramallo, J. C., and Spencer Jr., B. F. (2002). “‘Smart’ base isolation strategies employing magnetorheological dampers.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(5), 540–551.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 131 • Issue 6 • June 2005
Pages: 867 - 877
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: Jan 23, 2003
Accepted: Nov 19, 2004
Published online: Jun 1, 2005
Published in print: Jun 2005
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Satish Nagarajaiah
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.