Outrigger Beam–Wall Connections. II: Subassembly Testing and Further Modeling Enhancements
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEPublication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 130, Issue 2
Abstract
Adequate strength of headed studs under cyclic loads is a prerequisite for satisfactory performance of outrigger beam–core wall connections that commonly use multiple headed studs. Previous studies have typically not investigated the effects of reinforcement around studs, and have not accounted for the effects of cracking, damage, and yielding of reinforcement on the strength of studs. To remedy these deficiencies, two 1/4-scale subassemblies that contain a cantilever wall and two outrigger beams with and without floor diaphragms were subjected to cyclic loading. The wall reinforcement around the connection was selected according to the anticipated level of cracking and plastic hinge formation. The design methodology followed in this research resulted in connections that could develop and exceed the design forces despite extensive cracking and yielding of wall reinforcement around the headed studs. The presence of heavily confined wall boundary elements around headed studs increases the capacity. Simple methods to account for the influence of cracks and strengthening effects of boundary elements were developed. The resulting analytical model was able to accurately establish the expected mode of failure and capacity of outrigger beam–wall connections. For the outrigger beam–wall connection detail selected, the outrigger beam was found to transfer the majority of diaphragm forces directly to the core wall with negligible participation by the floor. Therefore, floor slab–wall connections can be based on simple details that resist only gravity loads unless the connections are specifically designed to transfer the diaphragm forces to the wall.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ali, A., and Wight, J. K.(1991). “RC structural walls with staggered door openings.” J. Struct. Eng., 117(5), 1514–1531.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). (1994). Load and resistance factor design, I, AISC, Chicago.
Cook, R. A., and Klingner, R. E.(1992). “Ductile multiple-anchor steel-to-concrete connections.” J. Struct. Eng., 118(6), 1645–1665.
Hawkins, N. M., Mitchell, D., and Roeder, C. W.(1980). “Moment resisting connections for mixed construction.” Eng. J., 17(1), 1–10.
Moehle, J. P. (1992). “Displacement-based design of reinforced concrete structures subjected to earthquakes.” Earthquake Spectra, 8(3).
Paulay, T.(1986). “The design of ductile reinforced concrete structural walls for earthquake resistance.” Earthquake Spectra, 2(4), 783–823.
Paulay, T. (1991). “Seismic design strategies for ductile reinforced concrete structural walls.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Buildings with Load Bearing Concrete Walls in Seismic Zones, French Association for Earthquake Engineering and the French Association for Construction, Saint-Remy-Les-Chevreuse, France, 397–421.
Precast Concrete Institute (PCI). (1999). PCI design handbook—Precast and prestressed concrete, PCI, Chicago.
Rehm, G., Eligehausen, R., and Mallee, R., “Befestigungstechnik (fastening technique).” Betonkalender, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin.
Roeder, C. W., and Hawkins, N. M. (1979). “Connections between steel beams and concrete walls.” ASCE Convention and Exposition, ASCE, New York, 23–25.
Roeder, C. W., and Hawkins, N. M.(1981). “Connections between steel frames and concrete walls.” Eng. J., 18(1), 22–29.
Saatcioglu, M., and Razvi, S. R.(1992). “Strength and ductility of confined concrete.” J. Struct. Eng., 118(6), 1590–1607.
Shahrooz, B. M., Tunc, G., Deason, J. (2002). “RC/composite wall-steel frame hybrid buildings: Connections and system behavior.” Rep. No. UC-CII 02/01, Cincinnati Infrastructure Institute, Cincinnati.
Shahrooz, B. M., Deason, J. T., and Tunc, G.(2004). “Outrigger beam–wall connections. I: Component testing and development of design model.” J. Struct. Eng., 130(2), 253–261.
Sittipunt, C., and Wood, S. L. (1993). “Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete shear walls.” Report to the National Science Foundation, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Ill.
Thomsen IV, J. H., and Wallace, J. W. (1995). “Displacement-based design of RC structural walls: An experimental investigation of walls with rectangular and T-shaped cross sections.” Rep. No. CU/CEE-95/06, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Clarkson Univ., Pottsdam, N.Y.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 11, 2002
Accepted: Dec 16, 2002
Published online: Jan 16, 2004
Published in print: Feb 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.