FORUM
Jun 13, 2003

State of the Art of Structural Control

Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 129, Issue 7

Abstract

In recent years, considerable attention has been paid to research and development of structural control devices, with particular emphasis on alleviation of wind and seismic response of buildings and bridges. In both areas, serious efforts have been undertaken in the last two decades to develop the structural control concept into a workable technology. Full-scale implementation of active control systems have been accomplished in several structures, mainly in Japan; however, cost effectiveness and reliability considerations have limited their wide spread acceptance. Because of their mechanical simplicity, low power requirements, and large, controllable force capacity, semiactive systems provide an attractive alternative to active and hybrid control systems for structural vibration reduction. In this paper we review the recent and rapid developments in semiactive structural control and its implementation in full-scale structures.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Abe, M., and Igusa, T.(1996). “Semi-active dynamic vibration absorbers for controlling transient response.” J. Sound Vib., 1998(5), 547–569.
Abe, M., Kimura, S., and Fujino, Y. (1996). “Control laws for semi-active tuned liquid column dampers with variable orifice openings.” Proc., 2nd Int. Workshop on Structural Control, Kust, China.
Akbay Z., and Aktan, H. M. (1991). “Actively regulated friction slip devices.” Proc., 6th Canadian Conf. Earthquake Engineering, 367–374.
Carlson, J. D., and Spencer, B. F., Jr. (1996). “Magneto-rheological fluid dampers for semi-active seismic control.” Proc., 3rd Int. Conf. on Motion and Vibration Control, III, 35–40.
Casciati, F., ed. (2003). Proc., 3rd World Conf. on Structural Control, Wiley, New York.
Caughey, T. K., and Karyeaclis, M. P.(1989). “Stability of semi-active impact damper, Part I–Global behavior; Part II–Periodic solutions.” J. Appl. Mech., 56(4), 926–940.
Dyke, S. J., Spencer, B. F., Jr., Sain, M. K., and Carlson, J. D.(1996). “Modeling and control of magnetorheological dampers for seismic response reduction.” Smart Mater. Struct., 5, 565–575.
Dyke, S. J., Spencer, B. F., Jr., Sain, M. K., and Carlson, J. D.(1998). “An experimental study of MR dampers for seismic protection.” Smart Mater. Struct., 7, 693–703.
Faravelli L., and Spencer, B. F., Jr., eds. (2003). Proc., Sensors and Smart Structures Technology, Wiley, New York.
Feng, M. Q., and Shinozuka, M. (1990). “Use of a variable damper for hybrid control of bridge response under earthquake.” Proc., U.S. National Workshop on Structural Control Research, USC Publication No. CE-9013.
Feng, M. Q., Shinozuka, M., and Fujii, S.(1993). “Friction-controllable sliding isolation system.” J. Eng. Mech., 119(9), 1845–1864.
Fujitani, H., et al. (2003). “Development of 400kN magnetorheological damper for a real base-isolated building.” Proc., SPIE Conf. Smart Structures and Materials, Vol. 5057, SPIE—International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, Wash.
Garrett, G. T., Chen, G., Cheng, F. Y., and Huebner, W. (2001). “Experimental characterization of Piezoelectric Friction Dampers.” Proc., 8th SPIE Annual Conf. on Smart Structures and Material, SPIE—International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, Wash.
Gavin, H., Hoagg, J., and Dobossy, M. (2001). “Optimal design of MR Dampers.” Proc., U.S.-Japan Workshop on Smart Structures for Improved Seismic Performance in Urban Regions, K. Kawashima, B. F. Spencer, and Y. Suzuki, eds., 225–236.
Hiemenz, G. J., Choi, Y. T., and Wereley, N. M.(2003). “Seismic control of civil structures utilizing semiactive MR braces.” Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 18, 31–44.
Housner, G. W., et al. (1997). “Structural control: Past, present and future.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(9), 897–971.
Housner, G. W., Masri, S. F., and Chassiakos, A. G., eds. (1994). Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural Control.
Hrovat, D., Barak, P., and Rabins, M.(1983). “Semi-active versus passive or active tuned mass dampers for structural control.” J. Eng. Mech., 109(3), 691–705.
Iwan, W. D. (2002). “Structural response control using active interaction between internal elements.” Proc., 3rd World Conf. on Structural Control, Como, Italy, 57–68.
Jabbari, F., and Bobrow, J. E.(2002). “Vibration suppression with resettable device.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(9), 916–924.
Johnson, E. A., Christenson, R. E., and Spencer, B. F., Jr., (2003). “Semiactive damping of cables with sag.” Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 18(2), 132–146.
Kannan, S., Uras, H. M., and Aktan, H. M.(1995), “Active control of building seismic response by energy dissipation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 24(5), 747–759.
Kareem, A., Kijewski, T., and Tamura, Y.(1999). “Mitigation of motions of tall buildings with specific examples of recent applications.” Wind Struct., 2(3), 201–251.
Kawashima, K., and Unjoh, S.(1994). “Seismic response control of bridges by variable dampers.” J. Struct. Eng., 120(9), 2583–2601.
Kelly, J. M. (1997). Earthquake resistant design with rubber, 2nd Ed., Springer, New York.
Kobori, T. (2003). “Past, present and future in seismic response control in civil engineering structures.” Proc., 3rd World Conf. on Structural Control, Wiley, New York, 9–14.
Kobori, T., Inou, Y., Seto, K., Iemura, H., and Nishitani, A., eds. (1998). Proc., 2nd World Conf. on Structural Control, Wiley, New York.
Kobori, T., Koshika, N., Yamada, N., and Ikeda, Y.(1991). “Seismic response controlled structure with active mass driver system. Part 1: Design.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 20, 133–139.
Kobori, T., Takahashi, M., Nasu, T., Niwa, N., and Ogasawara, K.(1993). “Seismic response controlled structure with active variable stiffness system.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 22, 925–941.
Kurata, N., Kobori, T., and Koshika, N.(2002). “Performance-based design with semiactive control technique.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31, 445–458.
Kurata, N., Kobori, T., Takahashi, M., Ishibashi, T., Niwa, J., Tagami, J., and Midorikawa, H.(2000). “Forced vibration test of a building with semiactive damper system.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29, 629–645.
Kurata, N., Kobori, T., Takahashi, M., Niwa, N., and Midorikawa, H.(1999). “Actual seismic response controlled building with semiactive damper system.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28, 1427–1447.
Liang, Z., Tong, M., and Lee, G. C. (1995). “Real-time structural parameter modification (RSPM): Development of innervated structures.” Technical Report NCEER-95-0012, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, New York.
Lou, J. Y. K., Lutes, L. D., and Li, J. J. (1994). “Active tuned liquid damper for structural control.” Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural Control, TP1:70–79.
Madden, G. J., Symans, M. D., and Wongprasert, N.(2002). “Experimental verification of seismic response of building frame with adaptive sliding base-isolation system.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(8), 1037–1045.
Madden, G. J., Wongprasert, N., and Symans, M. D.(2003). “Analytical and numerical study of a smart sliding base isolation system for seismic protection of buildings.” Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 18, 19–30.
Makris, N.(1997). “Rigidity-plasticity-viscosity: Can electrorheological dampers protect base-isolated structures from near-source earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26, 571–591.
Masri, S. (2000). “An experimental study of an adaptive momentum exchange damper for structural control applications.” Proc., 2nd European Conf. on Structural Control, ENPC, Champs-sur-Marne, France.
Nagarajaiah, S. (1994). “Fuzzy controller for structures with hybrid isolation system.” Proc., 2nd World Conf. Structural Control, Wiley, New York, TA2:67–76.
Nagarajaiah, S., and Mate, D. (1998). “Semi-active control of continuously variable stiffness system.” Proc., 2nd World Conf. Structural Control, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 397–405.
Nagarajaiah, S., and Sun, X.(2000). “Response of base-isolated USC hospital building in Northridge Earthquake.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(10), 1177–1186.
Nagarajaiah, S., and Varadarajan, N. (2000). “Novel semiactive variable stiffness tuned mass damper with real time tuning capability.” Proc., 13th Engineering Mechanics Conf. (CD ROM), Reston, Va.
Nagarajaiah, S., Sahasrabudhe, S., and Iyer, R. (2000). “Seismic response of sliding isolated bridges with MR dampers.” Proc., American Control Conference (CD ROM).
Nishitani, A., and Inoue, Y.(2001). “Overview of the application of active/semiactive control to building structures in Japan.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 30, 1565–1574.
Niwa, N., Kobori, T., Takahashi, M., Midorikawa, H., Kurata, N., and Mizuno, T.(2000). “Dynamic loading test and simulation analysis of full-scale semiactive hydraulic damper for structural control.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29, 789–812.
Patten, W. N., Sack, R., and He, Q.(1996). “Controlled semiactive hydraulic vibration absorber for bridges.” J. Struct. Eng., 122(2), 187–192.
Patten, W., Sun, J., Li, G., Kuehn, J., and Song, G.(1999). “Field test of an intelligent stiffener for bridges at the I-35 Walnut Creek bridge.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28(2), 109–126.
Ramallo, J. C., Johnson, E. A., and Spencer, B. F., Jr., (2002). “Smart base isolation systems.” J. Eng. Mech., 128(10), 1088–1099.
Sack, R. L., and Patten, W. (1993). “Semiactive hydraulic structural control.” Proc., Int. Workshop on Structural Control, USC Publication Number CE-9311, 417–431.
Sahasrabudhe, S., Nagarajaiah, S., and Hard, C. (2000). “Experimental study of sliding isolated buildings with smart dampers subjected to near source ground motions.” Proc., 13th Engineering Mechanics Conf. (CD ROM), ASCE, Reston, Va.
Sodeyama, H., Sunakoda, K., Fujitani, H., Soda, S., Iwata, N., and Hata, H.(2003). “Dynamic tests and simulation of magneto-rheological dampers.” Comput. Aided Civ. Infrastruct. Eng., 18, 45–57.
Soong, T. T. (1990). Active structural control: Theory and practice, Longman Scientific, Essex, U.K.
Soong, T. T., and Reinhorn, A. M.(1993). “An overview of active and hybrid structural control research in the U.S.” Struct. Des. Tall Build., 2, 192–209.
Soong, T. T., and Spencer, B. F.(2002). “Supplementary energy dissipation: State-of-the-art and state-of-the-practice.” Eng. Struct., 24, 243–259.
Spencer, B. F., Jr. (2002). “Civil engineering applications of smart damping technology.” Proc., 5th Int. Conf. on Vibration Engineering, Nanjing, China, 771–782.
Spencer, B. F., Jr., and Sain, M. K.(1997). “Controlling buildings: A new frontier in feedback.” IEEE Control Syst. Mag., 17(6), 19–35.
Spencer, B. F., Jr., Johnson, E. A., and Ramallo, J. C.(2000). “‘Smart’ isolation for seismic control.” JSME Int. J., Der. C, 43(3), 704–711.
Spencer, B. F., Jr., Dyke, S. J., Sain, M. K., and Carlson, J. D.(1997). “Phenomenological model of a magnetorheological damper.” J. Eng. Mech., 123(3), 230–238.
Spencer, B. F., Jr., Yang, G., Carlson, J. D., and Sain, M. K. (1999). “ ‘Smart’ dampers for seismic protection of structures: A full-scale study.” Proc., 2nd World Conf. Structural Control, Vol. 1, Wiley, New York, 417–426.
Symans, M. D., and Constantinou, M. C.(1999a). “Semi-active control systems for seismic protection of structures: A state-of-the-art review.” Eng. Struct., 21(6), 469–487.
Symans, M. D., and Constantinou, M. C.(1999b). “Seismic testing of a building structure with a semiactive fluid damper control system.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 26(7), 759–777.
Symans, M. D., and Kelly, S. W.(1999). “Fuzzy logic control of bridge structures using intelligent semiactive seismic isolation systems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 28, 37–60.
Varadarajan, N., and Nagarajaiah, S. (2003). “Wind response control of building with variable stiffness TMD: EMD/HT.” J. Eng. Mech., in press.
Xu, Y. L., Qu, W. L., and Ko, J. M.(2000). “Seismic response control of frame structures using magnetorheological/electrorheological dampers.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29, 557–575.
Yalla, S., Kareem, A., and Kantor, C.(2001). “Semiactive tuned liquid dampers for vibration control of structures.” Eng. Struct., 23, 1469–1479.
Yang, G., Spencer, B. F., Jr., Carlson, J. D., and Sain, M. K.(2002). “Large-scale MR fluid dampers: Modeling and dynamic performance considerations.” Eng. Struct., 24(3), 309–323.
Yang, J. N., and Agrawal, A. K.(2002). “Semi-active hybrid control systems for nonlinear buildings against near-field earthquakes.” Eng. Struct., 24(3), 271–280.
Yang, J. N., and Dyke, S. J. (2003). “Kobori Panel Discussion: Future perspectives on structural control.” Proc., 3rd World Conf. on Structural Control, Wiley, New York, 279–286.
Yang, J. N., Kim, J. H., and Agrawal, A. K.(2000). “Resetting semiactive stiffness damper for seismic response control.” J. Struct. Eng., 126(12), 1427–1433.
Yang, J. N., Wu, J. C., Kawashima, K., and Unjoh, S.(1995), “Hybrid control of seismic-excited bridge structures.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn., 24(11), 1437–1451.
Yi, F., Dyke, S., Caicedo, J. M., and Carlson, J. D.(2001). “Experimental verification of multiinput seismic control strategies for smart dampers.” J. Eng. Mech., 127(11), 1152–1164.
Yoshida, K., Kang, S., and Kim, T. (1994). “LQG control and H-infinity control of vibration isolation for multi-degree-of-freedom systems.” Proc., 1st World Conf. on Structural Control, TP4:43–52.
Yoshioka, H., Ramallo, J. C., and Spencer, B. F., Jr. (2002). “ ‘Smart’ base isolation strategies employing magnetorheological damper.” J. Struct. Eng., 128(5), 540–551.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Go to Journal of Structural Engineering
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 129Issue 7July 2003
Pages: 845 - 856

History

Published online: Jun 13, 2003
Published in print: Jul 2003

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

B. F. Spencer, Jr.
Nathan M. Newmark Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
S. Nagarajaiah
Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice Univ., Houston, TX 77005.

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Citations

Download citation

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

Cited by

View Options

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Get Access

Access content

Please select your options to get access

Log in/Register Log in via your institution (Shibboleth)
ASCE Members: Please log in to see member pricing

Purchase

Save for later Information on ASCE Library Cards
ASCE Library Cards let you download journal articles, proceedings papers, and available book chapters across the entire ASCE Library platform. ASCE Library Cards remain active for 24 months or until all downloads are used. Note: This content will be debited as one download at time of checkout.

Terms of Use: ASCE Library Cards are for individual, personal use only. Reselling, republishing, or forwarding the materials to libraries or reading rooms is prohibited.
ASCE Library Card (5 downloads)
$105.00
Add to cart
ASCE Library Card (20 downloads)
$280.00
Add to cart
Buy Single Article
$35.00
Add to cart

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share with email

Email a colleague

Share