Time‐Dependent Behavior of RC Members Strengthened with FRP Laminates
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 3
Abstract
Strenghtening of concrete structures with fiber‐reinforced plastic (FRP) composites epoxy‐bonded to their tension faces appears to be a method with a high potential for increasing the strength and stiffness of existing members. The writers aim at developing a fundamental understanding of the time‐dependent (creep and shrinkage) behavior of reinforced‐concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates. An analytical procedure is given first for the deformation of cross sections based on the age‐adjusted effective‐modulus method for concrete, Findley's model for composite materials, and a stress‐relaxation procedure to yield the cross‐sectional stresses and strains as a function of time. Parametric studies assessing the effect of the type and the area fraction of composite material and of the area fraction of steel reinforcement on the long‐term response of strengthened elements are also presented. Finally, the analytical model is used to predict the deflections of concrete beams strengthened with FRP laminates of different thicknesses, and an experimental program is described confirming the analysis.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Adrian, C. A., and Triantafillou, T. C. (1992). “Creep and shrinkage analysis of composite systems under axial load and biaxial bending.” Mat. and Struct., 25, 543–551.
2.
Bažant, Z. P. (1972). “Prediction of concrete creep effects using age‐adjusted effective modulus method.” J. ACI, 69(4), 212–217.
3.
“Bonding of steel and GFRP plates in the area of coupling joints, Talbrücke Kattenbusch.” (1987). Res. Rep. No. 3126/1429, Federal Institute for Materials Testing (MPA), Braunschweig, Ger. (in German).
4.
Bradford, M. A., and Gilbert, R. I. (1990). “Time‐dependent analysis and design of composite columns.” J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 116(12), 3338–3357.
5.
Bresler, B., and Selna, L. (1964). “Analysis of time dependent behaviour of reinforced concrete structures.” Symp. on Creep of Concrete, ACI Spec. Publ. SP‐9, 5, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Mich., 115–128.
6.
Design with advanced composite materials. (1989). L. N. Phillips, ed., Springer‐Verlag, London, England.
7.
Dussek, I. J. (1980). “Strengthening of bridge beams and similar structures by means of epoxy‐resin‐bonded external reinforcement.” Transp. Res. Record 785, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 21–24.
8.
Findley, W. N. (1960). “Mechanism and mechanics of creep of plastics.” SPE J., (Jan.), 57–65.
9.
Fleming, C. J., and King, G. E. M. (1967). “The development of structural adhesives for three original uses in South Africa.” RILEM Int. Symp., Synthetic Resins in Build. Constr., Paris, France, 75–92.
10.
Ghali, A., and Favre, R. (1986). Concrete structures: stresses and deformations. Chapman and Hall, London, England.
11.
Gilbert, R. I. (1979). “Time‐dependent behaviour of structural concrete slabs,” PhD thesis, Univ. of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia.
12.
Gilbert, R. I. (1988). Time effects in concrete structures. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
13.
Gilbert, R. I. (1989). “Time‐dependent analysis of composite steel‐concrete sections.” J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 115(11), 2687–2705.
14.
Kaiser, H. (1989). “Strengthening of reinforced concrete with epoxy‐bonded carbon‐fiber plastics,” PhD thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland (in German).
15.
Ladner, M. (1983). “Reinforced concrete members with subsequently bonded steel sheets.” IABSE Symp., Strengthening of Build. Struct.‐Diagnosis and Therapy, Final Rep., International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Zürich, Switzerland, 46, 203–210.
16.
MacDonald, M. D. (1978). “The flexural behavior of concrete beams with bonded external reinforcement.” TRRL Sypplemental Rep. 415, Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Dept. of the Environment, Crowthorne, Berkshire, England.
17.
Meier, U. (1987). “Bridge repair with high performance composite materials.” Material and Technik, 4, 125–128.
18.
Meier, U. (1991). “A world premier at the gates of Lucerne: the application of fiber composites in bridge repair.” Internal Rep., Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
19.
Meier, U., and Kaiser, H. (1991). “Strengthening of structures with CFRP laminates.” Proc., ASCE Spec. Conf. on Adv. Composites Mat. in Civ. Engrg. Struct., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 224–232.
20.
Neville, A. M., Dilger, W. H., and Brooks, J. J. (1983). Creep of plain and structural concrete. Construction Press, Longman Group Ltd., London, England.
21.
Plevris, N., and Triantafillou, T. C. (1991). “Strengthening and/or reinforcing concrete and wood structures with advanced composites.” Res. Rep. R91‐04, Dept. of Civil Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
22.
Plevris, N., and Triantafillou, T. C. (1992). “FRP‐reinforced wood as structural material.” J. Mat. in Civ. Engrg., ASCE, 4(3), 300–317.
23.
“Prediction of creep, shrinkage and temperature effects in concrete structures.” Final Rep., American Concrete Institute Commiteee 209, Subcommittee II, Detroit, Mich.
24.
Preis, L., and Bell, T. A. (1986). “Fiberglass tendons for posttensioning concrete bridges.” Transp. Res. Record 1118, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 77–82.
25.
Ritchie, P. A., Thomas, D. A., Lu, L.‐W., and Connelly, G. M. (1991). “External reinforcement of concrete beams using fiber reinforced plastics.” ACI Struct. J., 88(4), 490–500.
26.
Rostasy, F. S., Hankers, C., and Ranisch, E.‐H. (1992). “Strengthening of R/C‐and P/C‐structures with bonded FRP plates.” Proc., 1st Int. Conf. on Adv. Composite Mat. in Bridges and Struct., Canadian Society for Civil Engineering, Sherbrooke, Canada, 253–263.
27.
Ryback, M. (1981). “Reinforcement of bridges by gluing of reinforcing steel.” Mat. and Struct., 16(91), 13–17.
28.
Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. (1991a). “RC beams strengthened with GFRP plates. I: experimental study.” J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 117(11), 3417–3433.
29.
Saadatmanesh, H., and Ehsani, M. (1991b). “RC beams strengthened with GFRP plates. II: analysis and parametric study.” J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 117(11), 3434–3455.
30.
“Structural plastics design manual.” (1984). Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 63, ASCE, New York, N.Y.
31.
Sturgeon, J. B. (1978). “Creep of fiber reinforced thermosetting resins.” Creep of Engineering Materials. C. D. Pomeroy, ed., Mechanical Engineering Publications Limited, London, England.
32.
Swamy, R. N., Jones, R., and Bloxham, J. W. (1987). “Structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams stengthened by epoxy‐bonded steel plates.” The Structural Engineer, 65A(2), 59–68.
33.
Triantafillou, T. C., and Deskovic, N. (1991). “Innovative prestressing with FRP sheets: mechanics of short‐term behavior.” J. Engrg. Mech., ASCE, 117(7), 1652–1672.
34.
Triantafillou, T. C., and Deskovic, N. (1992). “Prestressed FRP sheets as external reinforcement of wood members.” J. Struct. Engrg., ASCE, 118(5), 1270–1284.
35.
Triantafillou, T. C., Deskovic, N., and Deuring, M. (1992). “Strengthening of concrete structures with prestressed fiber reinforced plastic sheets.” ACI Struct. J., 89(3), 235–244.
36.
Triantafillou, T. C., and Plevris, N. (1990). “Flexural behavior of concrete structures strengthened with epoxy‐bonded fiber reinforced plastics.” Int. Seminar on Struct. Repairs/Strengthening by the Plate Bonding Technique, University of Sheffield, England.
37.
Triantafillou, T. C., and Plevris, N. (1992). “Strengthening of R/C beams with epoxy‐bonded fiber composite materials.” Mat. and Struct., 25, 201–211.
38.
Trost, H. (1967a). “Auswirkungen des superpositionsprinzips auf kriech‐ und relaxations‐probleme bei beton und spannbeton.” Beton‐ und Stahlbetonbau, 62(10), 230–238 (in German).
39.
Trost, H. (1967b). “Auswirkungen des superpositionsprinzips auf kriech‐ und relaxations‐probleme bei beton und spannbeton.” Beton‐ und Stahlbetonbau, 62(11), 261–269 (in German).
40.
Van Gemert, D. A. (1982). “Repairing of concrete structures by externally bonded steel plates.” Proc., ICP/RILEM/IBK Int. Symp. on Plastics in Mat. and Struct. Engrg., Prague, 519–526.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 120 • Issue 3 • March 1994
Pages: 1016 - 1042
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 13, 1992
Published online: Mar 1, 1994
Published in print: Mar 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.