Roof Connections in Houses: Key to Wind Resistance
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 113, Issue 12
Abstract
In a severe windstorm, some houses survive while others are damaged or destroyed. A first impression of this apparent selectivity is often that the storm possesses peculiar powers. The meteorological facts behind severe winds are examined. Windspeeds are translated into structural loads, and these loads are compared with strengths of some common and upgraded roof connections. It is shown that the strength of common connections may intersect various wind‐speed probability curves in the steepest part of these curves. This implies that slight changes in connection strength can provide large changes in the structural reliability of the connections.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). (1982). “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures.” ANSI A58.1, New York, N.Y.
2.
Blechman, J. B. (1975). “The Wisconsin tornado event of April 21, 1974: Observations and theory of secondary vortices.” Rpt. 75‐3, Department of Meteorology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
3.
Committee on Natural Disasters (CND). (1981). “The Kalamazoo tornado of May 13, 1980.” National Academy Press.
4.
Committee on Natural Disasters (CND). (1983). “Hurricane Iwa, Hawaii, November 23, 1982.” National Academy Press.
5.
Davies‐Jones, R. P., and Golden, J. H. (1975). “Photogrammetric windspeed analysis and damage interpretation of the Union City, Oklahoma, Tornado, May 24, 1973.” Preprints, 2d Conf. on Wind Engrg. Res., Wind Engineering Research Council, Fort Collins, Colo.
6.
Davies‐Jones, R., and Kessler, E. (1974). Tornadoes. National Severe Storms Laboratory, NOOA, Norman, Okla.
7.
Forbes, G. S. (1978). “Three scales of motion associated with tornadoes.” Rpt. CR‐0363, Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
8.
Friedman, D. G. (1979). “Economic impact of windstorms in the United States.” 5th Int. Conf. on Wind Engrg., J. E. Cermak, ed., July 9–14, Fort Collins, Colo., I‐4‐1‐I‐4–13.
9.
Fujita, T. T. (1971). “Proposed characterization of tornadoes and hurricanes by area and intensity.” Satellite and mesomet, Res. Proj. Paper 91. Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
10.
Fujita, T. T. (1975). “New evidence from April 3–4, 1974, tornadoes.” Preprints, 9th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
11.
Fujita, T. T. (1981). “Tornadoes and downbursts in the context of generalized planetary scales.” J. Atmosphere Sci., 38, 1511–1534.
12.
Fujita, T. T., and Wakimoto, R. M. (1981). “Five scales of airflow associated with a series of downbursts on July 16, 1980.” Monthly Weather Rev., 109, 1438–1456.
13.
Golden, J. H., and Purcell, D. (1975a). “Photogrammetric velocities for the Great Bend, Kansas, Tornado: Accelerations and asymmetries.” Preprints, 9th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, American Meterological Society, Boston, Mass.
14.
Golden, J. H., and Purcell, D. (1975b). “Photogrammetric windspeed analysis for the Xenia, Ohio, Tornado, April 1974.” Unpublished report, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Okla.
15.
Hoecker, W. H. (1960). “Windspeed and airflow patterns in the Dallas, Texas, Tornado of April 21, 1957.” Monthly Weather Rev., 88, 167–180.
16.
McDonald, J. R., and Marshall, T. P. (1983). “Damage survey of the tornadoes near Altus, Oklahoma, on May 11, 1982.” Tech. Rpt., Institute for Disaster Research, Lubbock, Tex.
17.
Minor, J. E., McDonald, J. R., and Mehta, K. C. (1977). “The tornado: An engineering oriented perspective.” NSSL Tech. Memo ERL‐NSSL‐82, National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman, Okla.
18.
NOAA. (1981). “Tropical cyclones of the tropical Atlantic Ocean.” National Weather Service, U.S. Department of Commerce; Available from NCC, Asheville, N.C.
19.
Petak, W., and Hart, G. C. (1979). “Damage and decision making in wind engineering.” 5th Int. Conf. on Wind Engrg., J. E. Cermak, ed., July 9–14, Fort Collins, Colo., I‐5‐1‐I‐5–14.
20.
Rasmussen, E. N., and Peterson, R. E. (1982). “Tornado photogrammetry: Determination of windspeeds and assessment of errors,” Tech. Rpt., Institute for Disaster Research, Lubbock, Tex.
21.
Schaefer, J. T., Kelly, D. L., and Abbey, R. F. (1979). “Tornado track characteristics and hazard probabilities.” 5th Int. Conf. on Wind Engrg., J. E. Cermak, ed., July 9–14, Fort Collins, Colo., II‐1‐1‐II‐1–15.
22.
Scholten, J. A. (1962). “Strong joints + strong materials properly used = strong buildings.” USDA Forest Serv. Tech. Note 262, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis.
23.
Sherman, Z. (1973). “Residential buildings engineered to resist tornadoes.” J. Struct. Div., ASCE, 99(ST4), 701–714.
24.
Zipser, R. A. (1976). “Photogrammetric studies of a Kansas tornado and a Hawaiian tornadic‐waterspout,” thesis presented to the University of Oklahoma, at Norman, Okla.; in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
25.
Zornig, H. F., and Sherwood, G. E. (1969). “Wood structures survive Hurricane Camille's winds.” USDA Forest Serv. Res. Paper FPL 123, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 ASCE.
History
Published online: Dec 1, 1987
Published in print: Dec 1987
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.