Evapotranspiration Estimates under Deficient Water Supplies
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 5
Abstract
Effective use of water supplies via irrigation requires good methods for determining crop water needs. To implement irrigation scheduling programs requires an accurate estimate of water use by the crop. This study was undertaken to compare different forms of the evapotranspiration (ET) equations that include Priestley-Taylor and Penman-Monteith for reference ET. To estimate actual ET, the Priestley-Taylor with an adjusted coefficient for available soil water and the Penman-Monteith with a variable surface resistance were compared to water use for grain sorghum, cotton, and grass forage at three locations: Davis, Calif.; Lubbock, Tex.; and Logan, Utah. Both models provided acceptable results; however, the Penman-Monteith model with daily meteorological data input provided more consistent results over the growing season. The Priestley-Taylor overestimated actual ET when crops were limited in soil water because the adjustment for available soil water was not sensitive to soil-water depletion. Irrigation scheduling using the Penman-Monteith model requires daily meteorological data, an estimate of the available soil water depletion, and a measurement of crop leaf area. This method would be useful for irrigation scheduling programs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allen, R. G.(1986). “A Penman for all seasons.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 112(4), 348–368.
2.
Allen, R. G., and Fisher, D. K.(1990). “Low-cost electronic weighing lysimeters.”Trans. ASAE, 33(6), 1823–1833.
3.
Allen, R. G., Jensen, M. E., Wright, J. L., and Burman, R. D.(1989). “Operational estimates of reference evapotranspiration.”Agron. J., 81(4), 650–662.
4.
Allen, R. G., and Pruitt, W. O.(1986). “Rational use of the FAO Blaney-Criddle method.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 112(2), 139–155.
5.
Allen, R. G., Pruitt, W. O., Businger, J. A., Fritschen, L. J., Jensen, M. E., and Quinn, F. H. (1995). “Chapter 4: Evaporation and transpiration.”ASCE Handbook for Hydrology, eds. T. P. Wootton (and others), ASCE, New York, N.Y.
6.
Ben-Mehrez, M., Taconet, O., Vidal-Madjar, D., and Valencogne, C. (1992). “Estimation of stomatal resistance and canopy evaporation during the HAPEX-MOBILHY experiment.”Agric. and Forest Meteorology, 58(3–4), 285–313.
7.
Choudhury, B. J., Idso, S. B., and Reginato, R. J.(1987). “Analysis of an empirical model for soil heat flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared temperature based energy balance equation.”Agric. and Forest Meteorology, 39(4), 283–297.
8.
Clothier, B. E., Clawson, K. L., Pinter, P. J., Jr., Moran, M. S., Reginato, and R. J., and Jackson(1986). “Estimation of soil heat flux from net radiation during the growth of alfalfa.”Agr. and For. Meteorol., 37(4), 319–329.
9.
Clothier, B. E., Kerr, J. P., Talbot, J. S., and Scotter, D. R.(1982). “Measured and estimated evapotranspiration from well-watered crops.”New Zealand J. Agric. Res., 25(3), 301–307.
10.
Collatz, G. J., Ball, J. T., Grivet, C., and Berry, J. A. (1991). “Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer.”Agric. and Forest Meteorology, 54(2–4), 107–136.
11.
Davies, J. A., and Allen, C. D.(1973). “Equilibrium, potential and actual evaporation from cropped surfaces in Southern Ontario.”J. Appl. Meteorol., 12(4), 649–657.
12.
Dickenson, R. E., Henderson-Sellers, A., Rosenzweig, C., and Sellers, P. J. (1991). “Evapotranspiration models with canopy resistance for use in climate models, a review.”Agri. and Forest Meteorology, 54(2–4), 373–388.
13.
Doorenbos, J., and Kassam, A. H. (1979). “Yield response to water.”FAO Irrig. and Drain. Paper No. 33, Rome, Italy.
14.
Doorenbos, J., and Pruitt, W. O. (1977). “Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements.”FAO Irrig. and Drain. Paper No. 24, Food and Agric. Org. of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
15.
Hatfield, J. L.(1983). “The utilization of thermal infrared radiation measurements from grain sorghum crops as a method of assessing their irrigation requirements.”Irrig. Sci., 3(4), 259–268.
16.
Hatfield, J. L.(1985). “Wheat canopy resistance determined by energy balance techniques.”Agron. J., 77(2), 279–283.
17.
Idso, S. B.(1983). “Stomatal regulation of evaporation from well-watered plant canopies: A new synthesis.”Agric. Meteorol., 29(3), 213–217.
18.
Jamieson, P. D.(1982). “Comparison of methods of estimating maximum evapotranspiration from a barley crop.”New Zealand J. Sci., 25(2), 175–181.
19.
Jensen, M. E. (1974). Consumptive use of water and irrigation water requirements . Rep. by Tech. Committee on Irrig. Water Requ., ASCE, New York, N.Y.
20.
Jensen, M. E., Burman, R. D., and Allen, R. G. (1990). Evapotranspiration and irrigation water requirements: A manual . ASCE, New York, N.Y.
21.
Jury, W. A., and Tanner, C. B.(1975). “Advection modification of the Priestley and Taylor evapotranspiration formula.”Agron. J., 67(6), 840–842.
22.
Lascano, R. J., van Bavel, C. H. M., Hatfield, J. L., and Upchurch, D. R.(1987). “Energy and water balance of a sparse crop: simulated and measured soil and crop evaporation.”Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 51(5), 1113–1121.
23.
Meyer, S. J., Hubbard, K. G., and Wilhite, D. A.(1989). “Estimating potential evapotranspiration: The effect of random and systematic errors.”Agric. and Forest Meteorology, 46(4), 285–296.
24.
Monteith, J. L. (1965). “Evaporation and environment.”The state and movement of water in living organisms, G. E. Fogg, ed., Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 205–234.
25.
Neale, C. M. U., and Bausch, W. C. (1985). “Reflectance-band crop coefficients for use in irrigation scheduling models.”Advances in evapotranspiration, ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich., 250–258.
26.
O'Toole, J. C., and Hatfield, J. L.(1983). “Effect of wind on the crop water stress index derived by infrared thermometry.”Agron. J., 75(5), 811–817.
27.
Penman, H. L. (1948). “Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass.”Proc. Roy. Soc., London, England, A193, 120–146.
28.
Priestley, C. H. B., and Taylor, R. J.(1972). “On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters.”Monthly Weather Rev., 100(2), 81–92.
29.
Rochette, P., Pattey, E., Desjardins, R. L., Dwyer, L. W., Stewart, D. W., and Dobe, P. A. (1991). “Estimation of maize canopy conductance by scaling up leaf stomatal conductance.”Agr. and Forest Meteorology, 54(2–4), 241–261.
30.
Seguin, B. (1975). “Etude comparee des méthodes d'estimation d'ETP en climat mediterranéen du sud de la France (region d'Avignon).”Ann Agron., Institut national de la recherche agronomique, Paris, France, 26(6), 671–691, (in French).
31.
Shouse, P., Jury, W. A., and Stolzy, L. H.(1980). “Use of deterministic and empirical models to predict potential evapotranspiration in an advective environment.”Agron. J., 72(6), 994–998.
32.
Shuttleworth, W. J. (1991). “Evaporation models in hydrology.”Land surface evaporation, measurement and parameterization, T. J. Schmugge and J. C. André, eds., Springer, New York, N.Y., 93–120.
33.
Slabbers, P. J.(1980). “Practical prediction of actual evapotranspiration.”Irrig. Sci., 1(3), 185–196.
34.
Steiner, J. L., Howell, T. A., and Schneider, A. D.(1991). “Lysimetric evaluation of daily potential evapotranspiration models for grain sorghum.”Agron. J., 83(1), 240–247.
35.
Stewart, J. B.(1988). “Modelling surface conductance of pine forest.”Agr. and Forest Meteorology, 43(1), 19–35.
36.
Stewart, J. B., and Verma, S. B. (1992). “Comparison of surface fluxes and conductances at two contrasting sites within the FIFE area.”J. Geophys. Res., 97(D17), 18, 623–18, 628.
37.
Sziecz, G., and Long, I. F.(1969). “Surface resistance of crop canopies.”Water Resourc. Res., 5(3), 622–633.
38.
Thornthwaite, C. W.(1948). “An approach toward a rational classification of climate.”Geographical Rev., 38, 55–94.
39.
Van Bavel, C. H. M.(1966). “Potential evaporation: the combination concept and its experimental verification.”Water Resourc. Res., 2(3), 455–467.
40.
Van Bavel, C. H. M.(1967). “Changes in canopy resistance to water loss from alfalfa induced by soil water depletion.”Agric. Meteorol., 4, 165–176.
41.
Van Bavel, C. H. M., and Lascano, R. J. (1987). “ENWATBAL: A numerical method to compute the water loss from a crop by transpiration and evaporation.”Rep., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex.
42.
Wallace, J. S., Batchelor, C. H., and Hodnett, M. G.(1981). “Crop evaporation and surface conditions calculated using soil moisture data from central India.”Agric. Meteorology, 25, 83–96.
43.
Wanjura, D. F., Hatfield, J. L., and Upchurch, D. R.(1990). “Crop water stress index relationships with crop productivity.”Irrig. Sci., 11(2), 93–99.
44.
Weiss, A.(1983). “A quantitative approach to the Pruitt and Doorenbos version of the Penman equation.”Irrig. Sci., 4(4), 267–275.
45.
Wright, J. L.(1982). “New evapotranspiration crop coefficients.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 108(1), 57–74.
46.
Wright, J. L., and Jensen, M. E.(1972). “Peak water requirements of crops in southern Idaho.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 98(2), 193–201.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 122 • Issue 5 • October 1996
Pages: 301 - 308
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Oct 1, 1996
Published in print: Oct 1996
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.