Pretreatment of Secondary Effluent for Drip Irrigation
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 120, Issue 4
Abstract
A pilot‐scale treatment system, for developing drip‐irrigation pretreatment criteria, was designed, installed, and operated intermittently over 5,300 h using activated sludge secondary effluent. Principal unit processes studied were granular‐medium filtration and screen filters for removal of suspended solids, and chlorination treatment at various injection frequencies and concentrations to prevent biofilm formation in emitters and distribution lines. Two types of 4 L/h (1 gal./h) drip emitters were tested—automatic self‐flushing and tortuous‐path turbulent‐flow emitters. Adequate filtration reduced both the required frequency of chlorination and lateral flushing. Intermittent chlorination with 2 mg/L free residual chlorine during the last hour of an irrigation cycle was found as effective as continuous chlorination with 0.4 mg/L free residual chlorine in preventing biofilm formation in emitters and distribution networks. Pretreatment recommendations for these types of emitter designs are presented.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Abbott, J. S. (1988). “Microirrigation—world wide usage report by microirrigation working group.” Intl. Committee on Irrig. and Drain. Bull., 34, 1–12.
2.
Asano, T., and Pettygrove, G. S. (1987). “Using reclaimed municipal wastewater for irrigation.” Cal. Agric., 41(3–4), 15–18.
3.
Bralts, V. F., Edwards, D. M., and Pai Wu, I. (1987). “Drip irrigation design and evaluation based on statistical uniformity concept.” Advances in Irrigation, D. Hillel, ed., Academic Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 67–117.
4.
Bucks, D. A., Nakayama, F. S., and Gilbert, R. G. (1979). “Trickle irrigation water quality and preventive maintenance.” Agric. Water Mgmt., 2, 149–162.
5.
Bui, W. (1992). “Recycling wastewater by drip irrigation.” Proc., Irrig. and Drain. Specialty Conf., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 437–441.
6.
Cadiou, A., and Lesavre, L. (1984). “Drip irrigation with municipal sewage clogging of the distributors.” Proc., Water Reuse Symp. III, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo., 472–478.
7.
Feigin, A., Ravina, I., and Shalheret, J. (1991). Irrigation with treated sewage effluent. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
8.
Friedlander, S. K. (1977). Smoke, dust, and haze. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
9.
Gilbert, R. G., Nakayama, F. S., and Bucks, D. A. (1979). “Trickle irrigation: prevention of clogging.” Trans. ASAE, 22, 514–519.
10.
Hills, D. J., and El‐Ebady, F. G. (1990). “Evaluation of microirrigation self‐cleaning emitters.” Appl. Engrg. Agric., 6, 441–445.
11.
Lau, L. S., McDonald, D. R., and Wu, I. (1984). “Improved emitter and network system design for reuse of wastewater in drip irrigation.” Proc., Water Reuse Symp. III, American Water Works Association, Denver, Colo., 452–471.
12.
Lau, L. S., Young, R. H., and Young, G. P. (1981). “Post‐secondary treatment of effluent for drip irrigation: July 1977 to March 1980, Phase 11‐B.” Tech. Rep. No. 135, Water Resour. Res. Ctr., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
13.
Lawler, D. F., O'Melia, C. R., and Tobiason, J. E. (1980). “Integral water treatment plant design from particle size to plant performance.” Particulates in water, characterization, fate, effects, and removal. M. C. Kavanaugh and J. O. Leckie eds., Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C.
14.
McDonald, D. R., Lau, L. S., Wu, I. P., Gee, H. K., and Young, S. C. (1984). “Improved emitter and network system design for wastewater reuse in drip irrigation.” Tech. Rep. No. 163, Water Resour. Res. Ctr., Univ. of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii.
15.
Nakayama, F. S., Gilbert, R. G., and Bucks, D. A. (1978). “Water treatments in trickle irrigation systems.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 104(1), 23–34.
16.
Neilsen, G. H. (1989). “Nutrition and yield of young apple trees irrigated with municipal wastewater.” J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci., 114(3), 377–383.
17.
Oron, G., Ben‐Asher, J., and DeMalach, Y. (1982). “Effluent in trickle irrigation of cotton in arid zones.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 108(2), 115–126.
18.
Oron, G., Gedaliah, S., and Zur, B. (1980). “Stormwater and reclaimed effluent in trickle irrigation.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 106(4), 299–310.
19.
Oron, G., Shelef, G., and Truzynski, B. (1979). “Trickle irrigation using treated wastewaters.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 108(2), 115–126.
20.
Read, A. L., Pietsch, M. F., and Matheson, W. E. (1977). “Australian vineyard uses sewage effluent with trickle irrigation.” Proc., Intl. Ag. Plastic Congr., National Agricultural Plastic Association, St. Augustine, Fla., 382–387.
21.
Ruskin, R. (1992). “Reclaimed water and subsurface irrigation.” ASAE Paper No. 92‐2578. ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.
22.
“Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 18th Ed.” (1992). American Public Health Association (APHA), Washington, D.C.
23.
“Trickle Irrigation.” (1984). National engineering handbook, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., sect 15, chapter 5.
24.
Wastewater engineering: treatment, disposal, reuse. (1991). Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., McGraw‐Hill Book Co., New York, N.Y.
25.
“Wastewater filtration—design considerations.” (1974). Tech. Transfer Seminar Publ., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Sep 7, 1993
Published online: Jul 1, 1994
Published in print: Jul 1994
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.