Characteristics of Free Surface Flow Over Gravel Bed
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 111, Issue 4
Abstract
Measurements of velocity profiles of a free surface flow over a permeable gravel bed indicate that the logarithmic velocity distribution can be preserved if the reference datum is located a small distance equal to about one third of the median diameter of the bed particles below the surface. The observed value of 0.28 for the Karman constant is significantly reduced below the commonly expected value of 0.4 for impervious boundaries which indicates that the boundary resistance of the permeable bed is higher than that of the impermeable bed having identical rugosity. It is also observed that the friction factor increases with the increase in Reynolds number. A method is proposed to predict the amount of seepage flow through the permeable bed by measuring the hydraulic gradient and the velocity profile above the bed and the bed material properties such as grain size and permeability. Although the measured bed flow showed considerable deviations from the predictions for the present experiments, the proposed method can be usefully applied in practical problems.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Ahmed, N., and Sunada, D. K., “Non‐linear Flow in Porous Media,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. HY6, 1969, pp. 1847–1857.
2.
Alam, A. M. Z., and Kennedy, J. F., “Friction Factors for Flow in Sand Bed Channels,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. HY6, 1969, pp. 1973–1992.
3.
ASCE Task Force, “Friction Factors in Open Channels,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY2, 1963, pp. 97–143.
4.
Beavers, G. S., and Joseph, D. D., “Boundary Conditions at a Naturally Permeable Wall,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 30, Part I, 1967, pp. 197–207.
5.
Beavers, G. S., Sparrow, E. M., and Magnuson, R. A., “Experiments on Coupled Parallel Flows in a Channel and a Bounding Porous Medium,” Journal of Basic Engineering, ASME, Vol. 92, No. 4, 1970, pp. 843–848.
6.
Chow, V. T., Open Channel Hydraulics, McGraw‐Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1959.
7.
Chu, Y., and Gelhar, L. W., “Turbulent Pipe Flow with Granular Permeable Boundaries,” Report No. 148, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1972.
8.
Einstein, H. A., and Barbarossa, N. L., “River Channel Roughness,” Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 117, 1952, pp. 1121–1132.
9.
Goma, R. J. M., and Gelhar, L. W., “Turbulent Pipe Flow with Rough and Porous Walls,” Report No. 109, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1968.
10.
Griffiths, G. A., “Flow Resistance in Coarse Gravel Bed Rivers,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 17, No. HY7, 1981, pp. 899–918.
11.
Kamphuis, J. W., “Determination of Sand Roughness for Fixed Beds,” Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1974, pp. 193–203.
12.
Lovera, F., and Kennedy, J. F., “Friction Factors for Flat Bed Flows in Sand Channels,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. HY4, 1969, pp. 1227–1234.
13.
Nakagawa, H., and Nezu, I., “Turbulent Behaviours of Open Channel Flow with Permeable Beds,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Water Resources Development, International Association for Hydraulic Research, May, 1980, pp. 661–670.
14.
Paudyal, G. N., “Free Surface Flow over Permeable Bed,” thesis presented to the Asian Institute of Technology, at Bangkok, Thailand, in 1983, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering.
15.
Plate, E. J., and Quraishi, A. A., “Modeling of Velocity Distributions Inside and Above Tall Crops,” Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 4, No. 3, 1965, pp. 400–408.
16.
Rouse, H., “Critical Analysis of Open Channel Resistance,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 91, No. HY4, 1965, pp. 1–25.
17.
Ruff, J. F., and Gelhar, L. W., “Porous Boundary Effects in Turbulent Shear Flow,” Report No. 126, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1970.
18.
Sayre, W. W., and Albertson, M. L., “Roughness Spacing in Rigid Open Channels,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 87, No. HY3, 1961, pp. 121–150.
19.
Simons, D. B., Richardson, E. V., and Albertson, M. L., “Studies of Flow in Alluvial Channels, Flume Studies Using Medium Sand,” Water Supply Paper, No. 1489‐A, Geological Survey, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC, 1961.
20.
University of California, “BMDP Biomedical Computer Programs, P‐Series,” Health Science Computing Facility, University of California Press, 1979.
21.
Vanoni, V. A., “Transportation of Suspended Sediment by Water,” Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 111, 1946, pp. 67–102.
22.
Zagni, A. F. E., and Smith, K. V. H., “Channel Flow over Permeable Beds of Graded Spheres,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. HY2, 1976, pp. 207–222.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 111 • Issue 4 • December 1985
Pages: 299 - 318
Copyright
Copyright © 1985 ASCE.
History
Published online: Dec 1, 1985
Published in print: Dec 1985
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.