Desing of Energy-Efficient Pipe-Size Expansion
Publication: Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering
Volume 109, Issue 1
Abstract
Fluid flow is analyzed through a two‐stage conical diffuser used to reduce the velocity of pipe flow. An analytical approach is described for determining the optimum diameter at the interface between the first stage, a conical diffuser, and the second stage, an abrupt enlargement, such that, for given approach and exit diameters and for a given diffuser length, the energy loss coefficient is the lowest possible. Over a practical range of diameter and length ratios (ratios of exit diameter and diffuser length, respectively, to approach diameter), the analysis demonstrates that the optimal internal planar angle varies from to (0.101 rad–0.300 rad), and the energy loss coefficient to be applied to the approach velocity head varies from 0.01–0.25. The energy loss coefficients for the optimally designed two‐stage conical diffuser are considerably less than for a single‐stage diffuser and for an abrupt enlargement. Equations are presented showing the interrelationship among coefficients used variously to express energy loss in a pipe‐diameter expansion as a function of approach and exit velocities.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Andres, K., “Versüche uber die Umsetzung von Wassergeschwendigkeit in Druck,” (Experiments on the Conversion of Water Velocity into Pressure), Zeitschrift des vereines Deutscher Ingenieure, Forschungsarbeiten, Heft 76 Berlin, 1909.
2.
Archer, W. H., “Experimental Determination of Loss of Head due to Sudden Enlargement in Circular Pipes,” Transactions, ASCE, Vol. 76, Dec., 1913, pp. 999–1026.
3.
Babb, A. F., and Amorocho, J., “Mean Energy in Gradually Diverging Flow,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. 1445, May, 1976, pp. 581–597.
4.
Brater, E. F., and King, H. W., Handbook of Hydraulics for the Solution of Hydraulic Engineering Problems, 6th ed., McGraw‐Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1976, pp. 6–21, 6–22, 6–60, and 6–61.
5.
Brightmore, A. W., Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 169, No. 3, 1906, p. 322.
6.
Carnahan, B., Luther, H. W., and Wilkes, J. O., Applied Numerical Methods, 1st ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1969, pp. 171 and 172.
7.
Cermak, J. E., “Energy Losses in Conical Diffusers,” thesis presented to Colorado State University, at Fort Collins, Colo., in 1948, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
8.
Chaturvedi, M. C., “Flow Characteristics of Axisymmetric Expansions,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY3, Proc. Paper No. 3515, May, 1963, pp. 61–92.
9.
Fliegner, A., “Versuche über das Ausstromen von Luft Durch Konisch‐divergente Düsen,” Schweiz., Bauztg. 31, 1898.
10.
Gibson, A. H., “On the Resistance of Flow to Water through Pipes or Passages Having Divergent Boundaries,” Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, Vol. 48, Part 1, 1911, pp. 97–116.
11.
Handbook of PVC Pipe: Design and Construction, 1st ed., Uni‐Bell Pipe Association, Dallas, Tex., 1977, p. 116.
12.
Idel'chik I. E., “Spravochnik po Gidravlicheskim Soprotivleniyam: Koeffitsienty Mestnykh Soprotivlenii i Soprotivleniya Treniya,” (Handbook of Hydraulic Resistance: Coefficients of Local Resistance and of Friction), 1960,
translated from Russian by Barouch, A., D. Grunaer and the staff of the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, eds., U.S. Department of Commerce, Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information, Springfield, Va., 1966, pp. 151–188, 497–499.
13.
King, H. W., Wisler, C. O., and Woodburn, J. G., Hydraulics, 5th ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1948, pp. 206–209.
14.
Parker, P. áM., The Control of Water as Applied to Irrigation, Power, and Town Water Supply Purposes, 2nd ed., George Routledge and Son Ltd., London, U.K., 1925, pp. 796–800.
15.
Rouse, H., and Jezdinsky, V., “Fluctuation of Pressure in Conduit Expansions,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. HY3, May, 1966, pp. 1–12.
16.
Tatarinov, V., “Resistance Coefficients and Flow of Liquids in Pipe Systems,” Product Engineering, Vol. 17, No. 5, May, 1946, pp. 406–411.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1983 ASCE.
History
Published online: Mar 1, 1983
Published in print: Mar 1983
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.