Behavior of Nonbuoyant Jets in a Wave Environment
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 130, Issue 7
Abstract
This paper presents experimental results of a turbulent neutrally buoyant jet vertically discharged in a stagnant ambient and of the same jet discharged in a flow field of regular waves, in the intermediate range between deep and shallow water. A number of such studies have been performed on this configuration in the past, but mostly limited to concentration (dilution) measurements. Thus one could argue the need for a detailed analysis of this problem with modern instrumentation. This paper will address the deficiency and will present the results of a new experimental study into wave-induced mixing. Velocity jet components were measured with a backscatter, two-component four-beam laser Doppler anemometer system. For the cases of jets with waves, ensemble-averaged velocities were obtained by phase averaging the measured signals separated by the wave period over about 500 waves. The main results of the present study indicate the following: (1) the entrained flow is higher in the case of jet with waves; (2) oscillating velocity components cannot be described by classic wave motion theories; (3) comparison of the root-mean square of turbulent velocity components indicates the effect of wave presence; (4) in the case of jet-wave interaction, the reduction of the jet momentum shown in literature can be explained by the presence of the turbulent Reynolds normal stresses (which are not as small as in the case of stagnant ambient and, consequently, cannot be ignored) and the wave Reynolds normal stresses; and (5) the analysis of the wave Reynolds shear stresses shows that it is not always right to apply a wave motion theory to obtain the statistical contribution of the wave field; a conclusion particularly interesting in order to enable the improvement of mathematical models present in literature.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Atkinson, J. F., and Wolcott, S. B.(1990). “Interfacial mixing induced by mean shear and oscillating grid.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 116(3), 397–413.
Calabrese, M., and Di Natale, M. (1994). “Diffusione di un getto liquido sommerso in presenza di un moto ondoso stazionario.” Proc., 24th Conv. di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Vol. I, Napoli, Italy, 241–254 (in Italian).
Chin, D. A.(1987). “Influence of surface waves on outfall dilution.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 113(8), 1006–1018.
Chin, D. A.(1988). “Model of buoyant-jet-surface-wave interaction.” J. Waterw., Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 114(3), 331–345.
Chyan, J.-M., and Hwung, H.-H.(1993). “On the interaction of a turbulent jet with waves.” J. Hydraul. Res., 31(6), 791–810.
Davies, P. A., Mofor, L. A., and Valente Neves, M. J.(1997). “Comparisons of remotely sensed observations with modeling predictions for the behaviour of wastewater plumes from coastal discharges.” Int. J. Remote Sens., 18(19), 1987–2019.
Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters, Academic, New York.
Ger, A. M. (1979). “Wave effects on submerged buoyant jets.” Proc., 8th Congress Int. Association for Hydraulic Research, New Delhi, India, 295–300.
Hussain, A. K. M. F., and Reynolds, W. C.(1970). “The mechanics of an organized wave in turbulent shear flow.” J. Fluid Mech., 41(2), 241–258.
Hwung, H.-H., Chyan, J.-M., Chang, C.-Y., and Chen, Y.-F. (1994). “The dilution processes of alternative horizontal buoyant jets in wave motions.” Proc., 24th Coastal Engineering Conf., Part 5, Kobe, Japan, 3045–3059.
Ismail, N. M., and Wiegel, R. L.(1983). “Opposing wave effect on momentum jets spreading rate.” J. Waterw., Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 109(4), 465–483.
Jirka, G. H.(2001). “Large scale flow structures and mixing processes in shallow flows.” J. Hydraul. Res., 39(6), 567–573.
Jirka, G. H., and Harleman, D. R. F.(1979). “Stability and mixing of a vertical plane buoyant jet in confined depth.” J. Fluid Mech., 94(2), 275–304.
Koole, R., and Swan, C.(1994a). “Measurements of a 2-D non-buoyant jet in a wave environment.” Coastal Eng., 24, 151–169.
Koole, R., and Swan, C. (1994b). “Dispersion of pollution in a wave environment.” Proc., 24th Coastal Eng. Conf., Part 5, Kobe, Japan, 3071–3085.
Lee, J. H. W., Wilkinson, D. L., and Wood, I. R.(2001). “On the head-discharge relation of a “duckbill” elastomer check valve.” J. Hydraul. Res., 39(6), 619–627.
Le Méhauté, B. (1969). “An introduction to hydrodynamics and water waves.” Water wave theories, Vol. II, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, ESSA, Washington, D.C.
Mossa, M. (1996). “Diffusione di un getto in un campo di liquido in quiete o in moto ondoso.” PhD thesis, Univ. degli Studi della Calabria, Cosenza, Italy (in Italian).
Mossa, M., and Petrillo, A. (1997). “Turbulent energy transport of a jet in stagnant or wave environment.” Proc., 27th Congress Int. Association for Hydraulic Research, Theme B, Vol. 1, San Francisco, 173–178.
Nash, J. D., and Jirka, G. H.(1996). “Buoyant surface discharges into unsteady ambient flows.” Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 24, 75–84.
Papanicolaou, P. N., and List, E. J.(1988). “Investigation of round vertical turbulent buoyant jets.” J. Fluid Mech., 195, 341–391.
Peregrine, D. H.(1976). “Interaction of water waves and currents.” Adv. Appl. Mech., 16, 9–117.
Rajaratnam, N. (1976). Turbulent jets, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Rivero, F. J., and S.-Arcilla, A.(1995). “On the vertical distribution of ” Coastal Eng., 25, 137–152.
Roberts, P. J. W.(1980). “Ocean outfall dilution: Effects of currents.” J. Hydraul. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 106(5), 769–782.
Sharp, J. J.(1986). “The effects of waves on buoyant jets.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng., Waters. Maritime Energ., 81(2), 471–475.
Shuto, N., and Ti, L. H. (1974). “Wave effects on buoyant plumes.” Proc., 14th Coastal Engineering Conf., Copenhagen, Denmark, 2199–2209.
Smith, S. H., and Mungal, M. G.(1998). “Mixing, structure and scaling of the jet in crossflow.” J. Fluid Mech., 357, 83–122.
Wood, I. R., Bell, R. G., and Wilkinson, D. L. (1993). Ocean disposal of wastewater, advanced series on ocean engineering, Vol. 8, World Scientific, River Edge, N.J.
Wu, S., Rajaratnam, N., and Katopodis, C.(1998). “Oscillating vertical plane turbulent jet in shallow water.” J. Hydraul. Res., 36(2), 229–234.
Yoon, S. B., and Liu, P. L.-F.(1990). “Effects of opposing waves on momentum jets.” J. Waterw., Port, Coastal, Ocean Eng., 116(5), 545–557.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 2004 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 23, 2002
Accepted: Dec 9, 2003
Published online: Jun 15, 2004
Published in print: Jul 2004
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.