Friction Factors for Coniferous Trees along Rivers
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 126, Issue 10
Abstract
A physically based model for estimating the resistance coefficient for coniferous trees in open-channel flow is modified to account for variations in the flexibility between species. The new model is based on the assumption of a linear increase in foliage area with height and a dimensional analysis. It is supported by experiments in air and water. The advantage of the new model over existing methods for estimating resistance factors is its ability to account for the interaction between the vegetation and the flow, taking into account velocity, depth of flow, and vegetative conditions (including type, size, stage of maturity, and density of vegetation). Based on the mathematical model, a table is provided to estimate Manning's n value for flow through vegetation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Arcement, G. J., Jr. and Schneider, V. R. ( 1989). “Guide for selecting Manning's roughness coefficients for natural channels and flood plains.” Water-Resour. Paper 2339, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
2.
Arcement, G. J., Jr. and Schneider, V. R. ( 1984). “Guide for selecting Manning's roughness coefficients for natural channels and flood plains.” Rep. No. FHWA-TS-84-204, U.S.D.T., Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
3.
Barnes, H. H., Jr. ( 1967). “Roughness characteristics of natural channels.” Water-Resour. Paper 1849, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
4.
Chow, V. T. ( 1959). Open channel hydraulics, McGraw-Hill, New York.
5.
DeBruin, H. A. R., and Moore, C. J. ( 1985). “Zero-plane displacement and roughness length for tall vegetation, derived from a simple mass conservation hypothesis.” Bound. Layer Meteor., 31, 39–49.
6.
Einstein, H. A., and Banks, R. B. ( 1950). “Fluid resistance of composite roughness.” Trans., Am. Geophys. Un., 31(4), 603–610.
7.
Fathi-Moghadam, M. ( 1996). “Momentum absorption in non-rigid, non-submerged, tall vegetation along rivers.” Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of requirement for the PhD in Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ont., Canada.
8.
Fathi-Moghadam, M., and Kouwen, N. (1997). “Non-rigid, non-submerged, vegetation roughness in flood plains.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 123(1), 51–57.
9.
Koloseus, M. J., and Davidian, J. ( 1966). “Free surface instability correlations.” Laboratory studies in open channel flows. U.S. Geolog. Surv. Water-Supply Paper 1952-C, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
10.
Kouwen, N. (1992). “Modern approach to design of grassed channels.”J. Irrig. and Drain. Engrg., ASCE, 118(5), 733–743.
11.
Kouwen, N., and Unny, T. E. (1973). “Flexible roughness in open channels.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 99(5), 713–728.
12.
Lemon, E. R. “Aerodynamic study of CO2 exchange between the atmosphere and the plant.” Harvesting the sun: Photosynthesis in plant life, Academic, New York, 263–290.
13.
McMahon, T. A. ( 1975). “The mechanical design of trees.” Sci. Am., 233, 92–102.
14.
Morris, H. M. ( 1955). “Flow in rough conduits.” Trans. ASCE, 120, 373–410.
15.
Niklas, K. J., and Moon, F. C. ( 1988). “Flexural stiffness and modulus of elasticity of flower stalks from Allium sativum as measured by multiple resonance frequency spectra.” Am. J. Botany, 75(10), 1517–1525.
16.
Petryk, S., and Bosmajian G., III. (1995). “Analysis of flow through vegetation.”J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 101(7), 871–884.
17.
Raupach, M. R., Thom, A. S., and Edwards, I. ( 1980). “A wind-tunnel study of turbulent flow close to regularly arrayed rough surfaces.” Bound. Layer Meteor., 18, 373–397.
18.
Thom, A. S. ( 1975). “Momentum, mass and heat exchange of plant communities.” Vegetation and the atmosphere, J. L. Monteith, ed., Academic, London, Vol. 1, 57–109.
19.
USDA handbook of channel design for soil and water conservation. (1954). Prepared by Stillwater Outdoor Hydraulic Lab., Stillwater, Okla., SCS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
20.
White, F. M. ( 1988). Fluid mechanics, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 126 • Issue 10 • October 2000
Pages: 732 - 740
History
Published online: Oct 1, 2000
Published in print: Oct 2000
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.