Ultimate Bed Slope in Calabrian Streams Upstream of Check Dams: Field Study
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 125, Issue 12
Abstract
In this paper a number of proposed criteria are analyzed that predict the ultimate equilibrium bed slope in streams upstream of a check dam. The analysis is based on a comprehensive data set that includes 132 reaches in streams located in southern Italy. The results of this study show that the procedures suggested by Ferro et al. and Julien and Wargadalam do not lead to satisfactory results. Better predictions of the ultimate bed slope are achieved using the criterion suggested by Gessler, which is based on the stochastic analysis of incipient motion in nonuniform bed material. This analysis is based on a design discharge corresponding to a return period of 1.2 years and accounts for the armoring process at the bed surface. The procedure allows an estimate of the equilibrium slope of a nonhomogeneous bed material.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Cecen, K., and Bayazit, M. (1973). “Critical shear stress of armored beds.” Proc., 15th Congr. IAHR, Vol. 1, 493–500.
2.
Colosimo, C., Copertino, V. A., and Veltri, M. (1988). “Friction factor evaluation in gravel-bed rivers.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 114(8), 861–876.
3.
Crescimanno, G., Ferro, V., and Giordano, G. (1988). “Evaluating the `characteristic' discharge based on the equilibrium slope of mountainous streams.” Proc., Int. Workshop “Hydro. of Mountainous Areas,” International Association of Hydrological Sciences, Wallingford, U.K., 129–138.
4.
Della Lucia, D., and Fattorelli, S. (1981). “Nuovo metodo per la stima della pendenza dopo la sistemazione dei torrenti del Trentino.” Proc., Atti del Conv. Internaz. “Problemi idraulici nell'assetto territoriale della montagna,” Vol. F, 1–13 (in Italian).
5.
Diplas, P., and Fripp, J. B. (1992). “Properties of various sediment sampling procedures.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 118(7), 955–970.
6.
Egiazaroff, I. V. (1965). “Calculation of nonuniform sediment concentrations.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 91, 225–247.
7.
El-Gamal, F. S. H. ( 1991). “Critical shear stress for sediment mixtures,” PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.
8.
Falciai, M., Giacomin, A., Silvagni, G., and Tonetti, G. (1977). “Sul pendio di stabilimento di alcuni alvei torrentizi.” Proc., Annali dell'Accademia Italiana di Scienze Forestali, Vol. XXVI, 107–130 (in Italian).
9.
Ferro, V., and Giordano, G., (1988). “Formulazioni e campi di applicabilità del criterio del moto incipiente per la deduzione della pendenza di equilibrio di un corso d'acqua.” Idrotecnica, 3, 253–262 (in Italian).
10.
Ferro, V., Giordano, G., and Iovino, M. (1994). “The influence of armoring on estimating a stable thalweg slope.” Rep. No. 94-A-043, Agriculture Engineering, Milano, Italy, 1–10.
11.
Ferro, V., Giordano, G., Porto, P., and Puglisi, S. (1992). “Criteri di valutazione della pendenza di sistemazione: Verifica delle formulazioni teoriche per alcuni torrenti calabresi.” Proc., Atti del XXIII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Vol. C, 63–74 (in Italian).
12.
Garde, R. J., and Hasan, S. M. (1967). “An experimental investigation of degradation in channel.” Proc., 12th Congr. IAHR, Vol. 3, 38–45.
13.
Garde, R. J., and Ranga Raju, K. G. (1966). “Resistance relationships for alluvional channel flow.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 92, 77–100.
14.
Gessler, J. ( 1967). “The beginning of bed load movement of mixtures investigated as natural armoring in channels.” Translated by E. A. Prych, Translation T-5, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Researches, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 1–89.
15.
Gessler, J. (1970). “Self stabilization tendencies of alluvial channels.”J. Wtrwy., Harb. and Coast. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 99, 235–249.
16.
Gessler, J. ( 1971a). “Beginning and ceasing of sediment motion.” River mechanics, H. W. Shen, ed., Vol. I, Cap. 7, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., 1–22.
17.
Gessler, J. (1971b). “Critical shear stress for sediment mixtures.” Proc., 14th Congr. IAHR, Vol. 3, 1–8.
18.
Gessler, J. (1973). “Behavior of sediment mixtures in rivers.” Proc., Int. Symp. on River Mech., IAHR, Vol. A35, 395–406.
19.
Gessler, J. ( 1976). “Stochastic aspect of incipient grain motion on riverbeds.” Stochastic approaches to water resources, H. W. Shen, ed., Vol. II, Cap. 25, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo., 1–27.
20.
Gessler, J. (1990). “Friction factor of armored river beds.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 116(4), 531–543.
21.
Günter, A. (1971). “Force d'entrainement moyenne critique τc, avec prise en consideration des fluctuations dues à la turbolence, de la force d'entrainement agissant sur le materiau d'un lit alluvionnaire.” Proc., 14th Congr. IAHR, Vol. 3, 9–16.
22.
Heede, B. H. ( 1967). “Gully development and control in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado,” PhD dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.
23.
Julien, P. Y., and Wargadalam, J. (1995). “Alluvial channel geometry: Theory and applications.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 121(4), 312–325.
24.
Kellerhals, R., and Bray, D. I. (1971). “Sampling procedures for coarse fluvial sediments.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 97, 1165–1180.
25.
Kimura, K. (1956). “A method for calculation of accumulating gradient.” Shin-sabo, (23), 16–18 (in Japanese).
26.
Lane, E. W., and Carlson, E. J. (1953). “Some factors affecting the stability of canals constructed in coarse granular material.” Proc., 5th Congr. IAHR, Vol. 1, 37–48.
27.
Monaco, G. ( 1973). “Ricerca sul profilo di compensazione di alcuni torrenti della Sila Greca,” PhD dissertation, Instituto di Sistemazioni idraulico-forestali, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy (in Italian).
28.
Murano, Y. (1952). “On the longitudinal profile of sabo-dam accumulation.” Shin-sabo, (47), 20–28 (in Japanese).
29.
Nash, J. E., and Sutcliffe, J. E. (1970). “River flow forecasting through conceptual models. Part 1. A discussion of principles.” J. Hydro., Amsterdam, 10, 282–290.
30.
Porto, P. ( 1995). “Sulla valutazione della pendenza di equilibrio nei torrenti dell'Italia Meridionale,” PhD dissertation, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy (in Italian).
31.
Rossi, F., Fiorentino, M., and Versace, P. (1984). “Two component extreme value distribution for flood frequency analysis.” Water Resour. Res., 20(7), 847–856.
32.
Sambrook Smith, G. H., Nicholas, A. P., and Ferguson, R. I. (1997). “Measuring and defining bimodal sediments: Problems and implications.” Water Resour. Res., 33(5), 1179–1185.
33.
Shaw, J., and Kellerhals, R. ( 1982). “The composition of recent alluvial gravels in Alberta river beds.” Bull. 41, Alberta Research Council, Alta., Canada.
34.
Shields, A. (1936). “Anwendung des Ähnlichkeitsmechanik und der Turbulenzforschung auf die Geschiebebewegung.” Mitt. der Preuss. Versuchanstalt der Wasserbau u. Schiffbau, Berlin, 26, 98–109 (in German).
35.
Sugio, S., Hashino, M., and Sasaki, E. (1973). “Debris slopes above sand barriers.” Proc., Int. Symp. on River Mech., IAHR, Vol. A5, 1–12.
36.
Tani, I. (1952). “Debris profiles above sand barriers.” Shin-sabo, (7), 25 (in Japanese).
37.
Viparelli, C. (1963). “Granulometria delle alluvioni dei torrenti calabri.” Geotecnica, 1, 1–27 (in Italian).
38.
Wilcock, P. R. (1993). “Critical shear stress of natural sediments.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 119(4), 491–505.
39.
Wilcock, P. R., and Southard, J. B. (1988). “Experimental study of incipient motion in mixed-size sediment.” Water Resour. Res., 24(7), 1137–1151.
40.
Wolman, M. G. (1954). “A method of sampling coarse riverbed material.” Trans. Am. Geophysical Union, 35(6), 951–956.
41.
Woolhiser, D. A., and Lenz, A. T. (1965). “Channel gradients above gully-control structures.”J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 91(3), 165–187.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Received: May 18, 1998
Published online: Dec 1, 1999
Published in print: Dec 1999
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.