Scour Downstream of Grade‐Control Structures
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 117, Issue 5
Abstract
A theoretical investigation of local scour downstream of grade‐control structures based on two‐dimensional jet diffusion and particle stability is experimentally verified. Turbulent jet diffusion reduces fluid velocity near the bed particles and equilibrium scour is obtained when noncohesive bed particles cannot be removed from the scour hole. Equilibrium scour depth is written as a function of velocity, flow depth and particle size. The theoretically derived equation is remarkably similar to the regression equations reported in the literature. The experimental investigation uses a large‐scale physical model with unit discharge up to (27 sq ft/sec) and scour depths exceeding 1.4 m (4.6 ft). When combined with previous data sets at smaller scales, a total of 231 scour‐depth measurements cover a wide variety of conditions: wall to vertical jets, small to large flow submergence, and various face angle slopes. The agreement between calculated scour depths and laboratory measurements is satisfactory considering the wide variety of configurations analyzed.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Akashi, N., and Saitou, T. (1986). “Influence of water surface on scour from vertical submerged jets.” J. Hydrosci. Hydr. Engrg., 55–69.
2.
Albertson, M. L., Dai, Y. B., Jensen, R. A., and Rouse, H. (1950). “Diffusion of submerged jets.” Trans., ASCE, 115(2409), 639–697.
3.
Altinbilek, H. D., and Basmaci, Y. (1973). “Localized scour at the downstream of outlet structures.” Proc., Int. Congress on Large Dams, Madrid, Spain, 105–121.
4.
Altinbilek, H. D., and Okyay, S. (1973). “Localized scour in a horizontal sand bed under vertical jets.” Proc., 15th Congress of Int. Association for Hydr. Res., Istanbul, Turkey, 99–106.
5.
Beltaos, S., and Rajaratnam, N. (1973). “Plane turbulent impinging jets.” J. Hydr. Res., 11(1), 29–59.
6.
Bogardi, J. (1974). Sediment transport in alluvial streams. Akademiai Kaido, Budapest, Hungary.
7.
Bormann, N. E. (1988a). “Equilibrium local scour downstream of grade‐control structures,” thesis presented to Colorado State University, at Fort Collins, Colo., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
8.
Bormann, N. E. (1988b). “Physical model of local scour at grade‐control structures.” Proc., ASCE Nat. Conf. on Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 1129–1134.
9.
Bourque, C., and Newman, B. G. (1960). “Reattachment of a two‐dimensional incompressible jet to an adjacent flat plate.” Aeronautical Quarterly, 11, 201–232.
10.
Breusers, H. N. C. (1967a). “Time scale of two‐dimensional local scour.” Proc., 12th Congress of the Int. Association of Hydr. Res., Fort Collins, Colo., 3(32), 275–282.
11.
Breusers, H. N. C. (1967b). “Two‐dimensional local scour in loose sediment.” Closure of estuarine channels in tidal regions (Delft Hydr. Pub. No. 64).
12.
Carstens, M. R. (1966). “Similarity laws for localized scour.” J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 92(3), 13–34.
13.
Chee, S. P., and Kung, T. (1971). “Stable profiles of plunge basins.” J. Am. Water Res. Assoc., 7(2), 303–308.
14.
Chee, S. P., and Padiyar, P. V. (1969). “Erosion at the base of flip buckets.” Engrg. J., 52(111), 22–24.
15.
Chee, S. P., Strelchuk, D. L., and Kung, T. (1972). “Configurations of water basin for energy dissipation.” 86th Annual Congress of Engrg. Institute of Canada, Saskatoon.
16.
Chee, S. P., and Yuen, E. M. (1985). “Erosion of unconsolidated gravel beds.” Can. J. Civ. Engrg., 12, 559–566.
17.
Damle, P. M., et al. (1966). “Evaluation of scour below ski jump buckets of spillways.” Golden Jubilee Symp., Central Water and Power Res. Station, Poona, India, 1, 154–163.
18.
Eggenberger, W. (1943). “Die Kolkbildung bei einen Uberstromen und beider Kombination Uberstromen‐Unterstromen,” thesis presented to ETH, at Zurich, Switzerland, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in German).
19.
Farhoudi, J., and Smith, K. V. H. (1985). “Local scour profiles downstream of hydraulic jumps.” J. Hydr. Res., 23(4), 343–358.
20.
Hartung, W. (1959). “Die Kolkbildung hinter Überstromen wehren im Hinblick auf eine beweglich Sturzbettgestaltung.” Die Wasser Wirtschaft, 49(1), 309–313, (in German).
21.
Jaeger, C. (1939). “Uber die Aehnlichkeit bei flussaulichen Modellversuchen.” Wasserkraft und Wasserwirtschaft, 34(23/24), 269, (in German).
22.
Kobus, H., Leister, P., and Westrich, B. (1979). “Flow field and scouring effects of steady and pulsating jets impinging on a movable bed.” J. Hydr. Res., 17(3), 175–192.
23.
Laursen, E. M. (1952). “Observations on the nature of scour.” Proc., 5th Hydr. Conf., Bull. 34, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 179–197.
24.
Laursen, E. M., and Flick, M. W. (1983). “Scour at sill structures.” Report FHWA/AZ83/184, Arizona Transp. and Traffic Inst., Tempe, Ariz.
25.
LeFeuvre, A. R. (1965). “Sediment transport functions with special emphasis on localized scour,” thesis presented to Georgia Institute of Technology, at Atlanta, Ga., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
26.
Martins, R. (1975). “Scouring of rocky riverbeds and free‐jet spillways.” Int. Water Power Dam Constr., 27(5), 152–153.
27.
Mason, P. J., and Arumugam, K. (1985). “Free jet scour below dams and flip buckets.” J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 111(2), 220–235.
28.
Mueller, R., and Eggenberger, W. (1944). “Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen uber das Kolkproblem.” Mitt. Versuchanstalt Wasserbau, No. 5, ETH, Zurich (in German).
29.
Neill, C. R. (1968). “Note on initial movement of coarse uniform bed material.” J. Hydr. Res., 6(2), 173–176.
30.
Newman, B. G. (1961). “The deflection of plane jets by adjacent boundaries—Coanda effect.” Boundary Layer and Flow Control, Vol. 1, G. V. Lachman, ed., Pergamon Press, New York, N.Y.
31.
Rajaratnam, N. (1981). “Erosion by plane turbulent jets.” J. Hydr. Res., 19(4), 339–358.
32.
Rajaratnam, N., and Subramanya, K. (1968). “Plane turbulent reattached wall jets.” J. Hydr. Div., ASCE, 94(1), 95–112.
33.
Schoklitsch, A. (1932). “Kolkbildung unter Uberfallstrahlen.” Wasserwirtschaft, 343, (in German).
34.
Smith, C. D., and Strang, D. K. (1967). “Scour in stone beds.” Proc., 12th Congress of the Int. Association for Hydr. Res., 65–73.
35.
Stevens, M. A., and Simons, D. B. (1971). “Stability analysis for coarse granular material.” River Mechanics, Vol. 1, H. W. Shen, ed., Fort Collins, Colo.
36.
Straub, L. G. (1953). “Dredge‐fill closure of Missouri River at Fort Randall.” Proc., Minnesota Hydr. Convention, Int. Association for Hydr. Res.
37.
Tarapore, Z. S. (1956). “Scour below a submerged sluice gate,” thesis presented to the University of Minnesota, at Minneapolis, Minn., in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
38.
Veronese, A. (1937). Erosion of a bed downstream from an outlet. Colorado A&M College, Fort Collins, Colo.
39.
Yuen, E. M. (1984). “Clearwater scour by high velocity jets,” thesis presented to the University of Windsor, at Windsor, Ontario, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 117 • Issue 5 • May 1991
Pages: 579 - 594
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 ASCE.
History
Published online: May 1, 1991
Published in print: May 1991
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.