Two‐Dimensional Mass Transport in Estuaries
Publication: Journal of Hydraulic Engineering
Volume 110, Issue 10
Abstract
On a tidally averaged basis, the two‐dimensional estuarine circulation is characterized by a horizontal seaward velocity in the upper layer and a landward velocity in the lower layer, with a compensating vertical velocity to maintain hydraulic continuity. A relatively simple method of analysis is developed for this type of circulation from the hydrodynamic equations of momentum, continuity, and state. It is based on the condition that the salinity distributions in both the longitudinal and vertical directions are known or may be assigned. In addition to an analytical solution for the horizontal and vertical velocities, the analysis generates the values of vertical eddy viscosity which characterizes the vertical exchange of momentum, an important process of circulation in partially mixed estuaries. Successful applications of the analysis to a number of estuaries throughout the country prove that the present method is efficient and simple to use. The present method of analysis offers a definite advantage as a first approximation to this type of estuarine circulation.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Abood, K. A., and Bourodimos, E. L., “Evaluation of Circulation in Estuaries,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. HY9, Paper 12408, Sept., 1976, pp. 1211–1224.
2.
Blumberg, A. F., “Numerical Model of Estuarine Circulation,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. HY3, Paper 12815, Mar., 1977, pp. 295–310.
3.
Blumberg, A. F., “A Two‐Dimensional Numerical Model for the Simulation of Partially Mixed Estuaries,” Estuarine Processes, M. Wiley, ed., Vol. II, Circulation, Sediments, and Transfer of Material in the Estuary, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 1977, pp. 323–331.
4.
Boericke, R. R., and Hogan, J. M., “An X‐Z Hydraulic/Thermal Model,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. HY1, Paper 12669, Jan., 1977, pp. 19–37.
5.
Bowden, K. F., and Hamilton, P., “Some Experiments with a Numerical Model of Circulation and Mixing in a Tidal Estuary,” Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, England, Vol. 3, 1975, pp. 281–301.
6.
Festa, J. F., and Hansen, D. V., “A Two‐Dimensional Numerical Model of Estuarine Circulation: The Effects of Altering Depth and River Discharge,” Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, England, Vol. 4, 1976, pp. 309–323.
7.
Fischer, H. B., “Mass Transport Mechanisms in Partially Stratified Estuaries,” Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 53, Part 4, Great Britain, 1972, pp. 671–687.
8.
Fischer, H. B., “A Feasibility Study of Multi‐Layer Modeling in Suisun Bay,” Report Prepared for the State of California Department of Water Resources, May, 1983.
9.
Fisher, J. S., Ditmars, J. D., and Ippen, A. T., “Mathematical Simulation of Tidal Time‐Averages of Salinity and Velocity Profiles in Estuaries,” Report No. 151, Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., July, 1972.
10.
Hamilton, P., “On the Numerical Formulation of a Time Dependent Multi‐Level Model of an Estuary, with Particular Reference to Boundary Conditions,” Estuarine Processes, M. Wiley, ed., Vol. II, Circulation, Sediments, and Transfer of Material in the Estuary, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 1977, pp. 347–364.
11.
Hansen, D. V., and Rattray, M., “Gravitational Circulation in Straits and Estuaries,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, 1965, pp. 104–122.
12.
Harleman, D. R. F., et al., “Salinity Effects of Velocity Distribution in an Idealized Estuary,” Technical Report No. 50, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass., Jan., 1962.
13.
Harleman, D. R. F., and Ippen, A. T., “Two‐Dimensional Aspects of Salinity in Estuaries: Analysis of Salinity and Velocity Distributions,” Technical Bulletin No. 13, Comm. on Tidal Hydraulics, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., June, 1967.
14.
Harleman, D. R. F., and Ippen, A. T., “Salinity Intrusion Effects in Estuary Shoaling,” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 95, No. HY1, Paper 6340, Jan., 1969, pp. 9–27.
15.
Hodgins, D. O., Osborn, T. R., and Quick, M. G., “Numerical Model of Stratified Estuary Flows,” Journal of the Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. WW1, Paper 12734, Feb., 1977, pp. 25–42.
16.
HydroQual, Inc., “Water Quality Analysis of the Patuxent River,” Report Prepared for the State of Maryland, 1981.
17.
Hydroscience, Inc., “Seasonal Steady State Modeling of Hudson River,” Report Prepared for New York 208 Study, 1978.
18.
Hydroscience, Inc., “Assessment of the Effects of Proposed Submerged Sill on the Water Quality of Western Delta‐Suisun Bay,” Hydroscience Report Prepared for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, Calif., May, 1978.
19.
O'Connor, D. J., Mueller, J. A., and Farley, K., “Distribution of Kepone in the James River Estuary,” Journal of Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 109, No. EE2, Apr., 1983, pp. 396–413.
20.
O'Connor, D. J., and Lung, W. S., “Preliminary Report of Two‐Dimensional Hydrodynamic, Salinity, Transport and Suspended Solids Distribution in Western Delta,” Hydroscience Research Report No. 110, 1977.
21.
O'Connor, D. J., and Lung, W. S., “Suspended Solids Analysis of Estuarine Systems,” Journal of Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. EE1, Feb., 1981, pp. 101–120.
22.
Officer, C. B., Physical Oceanography of Estuaries, John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 1976.
23.
Officer, C. B., “Longitudinal Circulation and Mixing Relations in Estuaries,” Estuaries Geophysics and the Environment, C. B. Officer, ed., National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1977, pp. 13–21.
24.
Pritchard, D. W., “Salinity Distribution and Circulation in the Chesapeake Bay Estuarine System,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 11, 1952, pp. 106–123.
25.
Pritchard, D. W., “The Dynamic Structure of a Coastal Plain Estuary,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 15, No. 1, Oct., 1956, pp. 33–42.
26.
Pritchard, D. W., and Kent, R. E., “A Method of Determining Mean Longitudinal Velocities in a Coastal Plain Estuary,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 15, No. 1, Oct., 1956, pp. 81–91.
27.
Pritchard, D. W., “The Equations of Mass Continuity and Salt Continuity in Estuaries,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 17, 1958, pp. 412–423.
28.
Rattray, M., and Hansen, D. V., “A Similarity Solution of Circulation in an Estuary,” Journal of Marine Research, Vol. 20, 1962, pp. 121–133.
29.
Taylor, G. I., “The Dispersion of Matter in Turbulent Flow Through a Pipe,” Proceedings, Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 223, No. 1155, May, 1954, pp. 446–468.
30.
Tully, J. P., “Oceanography and Prediction of Pulp Mill Pollution in Alberni Inlet,” Journal Fish. Res. Bd. Can., Vol. 83, 1949, pp. 1–169.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 ASCE.
History
Published online: Oct 1, 1984
Published in print: Oct 1984
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.