Chloride Migration through Clayey Silt Underlain by Fine Sand or Silt
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 1
Abstract
Chloride diffusion coefficients of 5.7 × 10 −10 m 2 /s, 9.0 × 10 −10 m 2 /s, and 9.8 × 10 −10 m 2 /s were obtained from diffusion tests conducted on a single isolated layer of clayey silt, silt, or sand, respectively. The advective-diffusive movement of chloride through a two-layer soil system consisting of a compacted clayey silt underlain by either a fine sand or silt was also examined. The agreement between the experimental results and model predictions suggests that existing solute-transport theory can adequately predict chloride migration through a compacted clay layer and underlying sand or silt layer at near-saturated conditions for Darcy velocities at least up to the maximum value examined (0.0183 m/yr or 500 L/ha/d). Chloride transport was dominated by diffusion in these tests.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Badv, K., and Rowe, R. K. (1995). “Contaminant transport through a soil liner underlain by an unsaturated stone layer.”Geotech. Res. Ctr. Rep. GEOT-13-94, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
2.
Bear, J. (1979). Hydraulics of groundwater . McGraw-Hill, New York, N.Y.
3.
Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual. (1992). 3rd Ed., Can. Geotech. Soc., Richmond, B.C., Canada.
4.
Conca, J. L., and Wright, J.(1990). “Diffusion coefficients in gravel under unsaturated conditions.”Water Resour. Res., 20(5), 1055–1066.
5.
De Smedt, F. (1981). “Theoretical and experimental study of solute movement through porous media with mobile and immobile water,” PhD thesis, Vrije Univ., Brussels, Belgium.
6.
De Smedt, F., and Wierenga, P. J.(1984). “Solute transfer through columns of glass beads.”Water Resour. Res., 20(2), 225–232.
7.
Desaulniers, D. D., Cherry, J. A., and Fritz, P.(1981). “Origin and movement of pore water in argillaceous quaternary deposits at four sites in Southwestern Ontario.”J. Hydro., 50, 231–257.
8.
Gillham, R., and Cherry, J. A. (1982). “Contaminant migration in saturated unconsolidated geologic deposits.”Recent trends in hydrogeology; Spec. Paper 189, T. N. Narasimhan, ed., Geological Soc. of Am., 31–62.
9.
Goodall, D. C., and Quigley, R. M.(1977). “Pollutant migration from two sanitary landfill sites near Sarnia, Ontario.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, 14, 223–226.
10.
Gordon, M. E., Huebner, P. M., and Miazga, T. J.(1989). “Hydraulic conductivity of three landfill clay liners.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 115(8), 1148–1162.
11.
Hayduk, W., and Landie, H.(1974). “Prediction of diffusion coefficients for non-electrolytes in dilute aqueous solutions.”Am. Inst. of Chemical Engrg. J., 20, 661–615.
12.
Kemper, W. D., and Van Schaik, J. C.(1966). “Diffusion of salts in clay-water systems.”Proc., Soil Sci. Soc. of Am., 30, 534–540.
13.
King, K. S., Quigley, R. M., Fernandez, F., Reades, D. W., and Bacopoulos, A.(1993). “Hydraulic conductivity and diffusion monitoring of the Keele Valley Landfill liner, Maple, Ontario.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Ontario, 30, 124–134.
14.
Porter, L. K., Kemper, W. D., Jackson, R. D., and Stewart, B. A.(1960). “Chloride diffusion in soils as influenced by moisture content.”Proc., Soil Sci. Soc. of Am., 24, 460–463.
15.
Quigley, R. M., and Rowe, R. K. (1986). “Leachate migration through clay below a domestic waste landfill, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada: chemical interpretation and modelling philosophies.”Spec. Publ. on Industrial and Hazardous Waste; STP 933, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 93–102.
16.
Rowe, R. K. (1987). “Pollutant transport through barriers.”Proc.; Spec. Conf. on Geotech. Aspects of Waste Disposal, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 159–181.
17.
Rowe, R. K., and Badv, K. (1994a). “Chloride migration through clayey silt underlain by fine sand.”Geotech. Res. Ctr. Rep. GEOT-11-94, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
18.
Rowe, R. K., and Badv, K. (1994b). “Diffusion controlled and advective-diffusive contaminant migration through unsaturated coarse sand and fine gravel.”Geotech. Res. Ctr. Rep. GEOT-12-94, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
19.
Rowe, R. K., and Booker, J. R. (1987). “An efficient analysis of pollutant migration through soil.”Numerical methods for transient and coupled systems, R. W. Lewis, E. Hinton, P. Bettess, and B. A. Schrefler, eds., John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., New York, N.Y., Ch. 2, 13–42.
20.
Rowe, R. K., and Booker, J. R. (1994). POLLUTE-v6. A program for modelling pollutant migration through soil . Geotech. Res. Ctr., Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
21.
Rowe, R. K., Booker, J. R., and Quigley, R. M. (1995). Clayey barrier systems for waste disposal facilities . E & FN Spon (Chapman & Hall), London, U.K.
22.
Rowe, R. K., Caers, C. J., and Chan, C.(1993). “Evaluation of a compacted till liner test pad constructed over a granular subliner contingency layer.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, 30, 667–689.
23.
Rowe, R. K., Caers, C. J., Booker, J. R., and Crooks, V. E. (1985). “Pollutant migration through clay soils.”Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1293–1298.
24.
Rowe, R. K., Caers, C. J., and Barone, F.(1988). “Laboratory determination of diffusion and distribution coefficients of contaminants using undisturbed soil.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, 25, 108–118.
25.
Rowe, R. K., and Sawicki, D. W. (1992). “The modelling of a natural diffusion profile and the implications for landfill design.”Proc., 4th Int. Symp. on Numer. Methods in Geomech., A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 481–489.
26.
Shackelford, C. D., and Daniel, D. E.(1991). “Diffusion in a saturated soil. II: Results for compacted clay.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(3), 485–505.
27.
Test method for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort; Designation D698, Vol. 04.08, Section 4, (1991). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 165–172.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 122 • Issue 1 • January 1996
Pages: 60 - 68
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Jan 1, 1996
Published in print: Jan 1996
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.