Shear-Wave Velocity to Evaluate In-Situ State of Ottawa Sand
This article has been corrected.
VIEW CORRECTIONPublication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 121, Issue 3
Abstract
The initial state of a sand, defined by the void ratio and effective mean normal stress, can be used to predict its large-strain response. Laboratory studies have shown that the shear-wave velocity of a sand is controlled primarily by the effective confining stresses and void ratio. Since shear-wave velocity can be measured both in the field and in the laboratory, there is an increasing interest in using shear-wave velocity to define the state of a sand. This paper presents an experimental study of shear-wave velocity interpretation for clean Ottawa sand based on steady/critical state concepts. The results show that the large-strain behavior of Ottawa sand can be estimated using shear-wave velocity measurements combined with a knowledge of the in-situ effective stress. Knowledge of the state of a sand makes it possible to estimate the boundary between either a contractant or dilatant sand at large strains. Based on these findings, a preliminary method to evaluate the potential for flow liquefaction using shear-wave velocity measurements is presented.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Addo, K., and Robertson, P. K. (1992). “Shear wave velocity measurements of soils using Rayleigh waves.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, Vol. 29, 558–568.
2.
Been, K. H., and Jefferies, M. G. (1985). “A state parameter for sands.”Geotechnique, London, England, Vol. 35, 99–112.
3.
Been, K., Jefferies, M. G., and Hachey, J.(1991). “The critical state of sand.”Geotechnique, London, England, 41(3), 365–381.
4.
Bierschwale, J. G., and Stokoe, K. H. (1984). “Analytical evaluation of liquefaction potential of sand subjected to the 1981 Westmoreland Earthquake.”Geotech. Engrg. Rep. GR-84-15, Civ. Engrg. Dept., Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.
5.
Castro, G. (1969). “Liquefaction of sands.”Harvard Soil Mech. Ser. No. 81.
6.
Cunning, J. C. (1994). “Shear wave velocity of cohesionless soils for evaluation of in-situ state,” MSc thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
7.
De Alba, P., Baldwin, K., Janoo, V., Roe, G., and Celikkol, B.(1984). “Elastic wave velocities and liquefaction potential.”Geotech. Testing J., 7(2), 77–88.
8.
Han, C., and Vardoulakis, I. G. (1991). “Plane strain compression experiments on water saturated fine grained sand.”Geotechnique, London, England, Vol. 41(1), 49–78.
9.
Hardin, B. O., and Drnevich, V. P.(1972). “Shear modulus and damping of soils; measurements and parameter effects.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 98(6), 603–624.
10.
Hardin, B. O., and Richart, F. E. Jr.(1963). “Elastic wave velocities in granular soils.”J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 89(1), 33–65.
11.
Hatanaka, M., Suginato, M., and Suzudi, Y.(1985). “Liquefaction resistance of alluvial volcanic soils specimens by in situ freezing.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 25(3), 49–63.
12.
Ishihara, K. (1993). “Liquefaction and flow failure during earthquakes.”Geotechnique, London, England, Vol. 43.
13.
Konrad, J. M.(1990). “Sampling of saturated and unsaturated sands by freezing.”Geotech. Testing J., 13(2), 88–96.
14.
Negussey, D. (1984). “An experimental study of small strain response of sand.” PhD thesis, Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
15.
Robertson, P. K., Campanella, R. G., Gillespie, D., and Rice, A.(1986). “Seismic CPT to measure in-situ shear wave velocity.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 112(8), 791–803.
16.
Robertson, P. K., Woeller, D. I., and Finn, W. D. L. (1992). “Seismic cone penetration test for evaluating liquefaction potential under cyclic loading.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, Vol. 29, 686–695.
17.
Robertson, P. K. (1994). “Suggested terminology for liquefaction.”Proc., 46th Can. Geotech. Conf., Can. Geotech. Soc., Ottawa, Canada.
18.
Roscoe, K. H., Schofield, A. N., and Wroth, C. P. (1958). “On yielding of soils.”Geotechnique, London, England, Vol. 8(1), 22–53.
19.
Rosler, S. K.(1979). “Anisotropic shear wave modulus due to stress anisotropy.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 105(7), 871–880.
20.
Sasitharan, S. (1989). “Stress path dependency of dilatancy and stress-strain response of sand,” MSc thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
21.
Sasitharan, S. (1994). “Collapse behavior of very loose sand,” PhD thesis, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
22.
Sasitharan, S., Robertson, P. K., and Sego, D. C. (1994a). “Sample disturbance from shear wave velocity measurements.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, Vol. 31, 119–124.
23.
Sasitharan, S., Robertson, P. K., Sego, D. C., and Morgenstern, N. R. (1994b). “Collapse behavior of sand.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, Vol. 30, 569–577.
24.
Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M., and Arango, I.(1983). “Evaluation of liquefaction potential using field performance data.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 109(3), 458–482.
25.
Sego, D. C., Robertson, P. K., Sasitharan, S., Kilpatrick, B. I., and Pillai, V. S. (1993). “Ground freezing and sampling of foundation soils at Duncan Dam.”Proc., 46th Can. Geotech. Conf., Can. Geotech. Soc., Ottawa, Canada, 237–246.
26.
Shirley, E. T. (1978). “An improved shear wave transducer.”J. of Acoustical Soc. of Am., Vol. 63, 1643–1645.
27.
Sladen, J. A., and Hewitt, K. J. (1989). “Influence of placement method of the in-situ density of hydraulic fills.”Can. Geotech. J., Ottawa, Canada, Vol. 26, 453–466.
28.
Stokoe, K. H. II, Lee, H. H. S., and Knox, D. P. (1985). “Shear moduli measurements under true triaxial stresses.”Proc., Adv. in the art of testing soils under cyclic conditions, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 166–185.
29.
Stokoe, K. H. II, and Hoar, R. J. (1987). “Variables affecting in-situ seismic measurements.”Proc., Conf. on Earthquake Engrg. and Soil Dynamics, Vol. II, ASCE, 919–939.
30.
Tokimatsu, K., Yanazaki, T., and Yoshimi, Y.(1986). “Soil liquefaction evaluation by elastic shear moduli.”Soils and Found., 26(1), 25–35.
31.
Tokimatsu, K., and Uchida, A.(1990). “Correlation between liquefaction resistance and shear wave velocity.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 30(2), 33–42.
32.
Woods, R. D. (1987). “In-situ tests for foundation vibrations.”Proc., Conf. on use of in-situ tests in geotechnical engineering; Spec. Publ. 6, ASCE, New York, N.Y., 336–375.
33.
Yoshimi, Y., Tokimatsu, K., Kaneko, O., and Makihara, Y.(1984). “Undrained cyclic shear strength of a dense Niigata sand.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 24(4), 131–145.
34.
Yoshimi, Y., Tokimatsu, K., and Hosaka, Y.(1989). “Evaluation of liquefaction resistance of clean sands based on high quality undisturbed specimens.”Soils and Found., Tokyo, Japan, 29(1), 93–104.
35.
Yu, P., and Richart, F. E. Jr.(1984). “Stress ratio effect on shear modulus of dry sands.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 110(3), 331–341.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 121 • Issue 3 • March 1995
Pages: 262 - 273
Copyright
Copyright © 1995 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Mar 1, 1995
Published in print: Mar 1995
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.