Stability Evaluation during Staged Construction
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 117, Issue 4
Abstract
Staged construction uses controlled rates of load application to increase the foundation stability of structures founded on soft cohesive soils and to improve the slope stability of tailings dams. Because construction causes positive excess pore pressures and because actual failures usually occur without significant drainage, stability analyses should compute the factor of safety against an undrained failure as the most critical and realistic condition. This requires an undrained strength analysis (USA) that treats predicted or measured in situ effective stresses as equal to consolidation stresses in order to calculate variations in undrained shear strength during construction. The recommended USA methodology requires a detailed evaluation of changes in vertical stress history profiles, uses undrained strength ratios obtained from tests to account for anisotropy and progressive failure, and is more rational than stability evaluations based on UU and CIU triaxial compression testing. Conventional effective stress analyses should not be used for staged construction because the computed factor of safety inherently assumes a drained failure that can give highly misleading and unsafe estimates of potential instability.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Arthur, J. R. F., Bekenstein, S., Germaine, J. T., and Ladd, C. C. (1981). “Stress path tests with controlled rotation of principal stress directions.” Symp. on Laboratory Shear Strength of Soil, ASTM, STP 740, 516–540.
2.
Asaoka, A. (1978). “Observational procedure of settlement prediction.” Soils and Foundations, Japan, 18(4), 87–101.
3.
Azzouz, A. S., Baligh, M. M., and Ladd, C. C. (1981). “Three‐dimensional stability analysis of four embankment failures.” Proc. 10th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Stockholm, Sweden, 3, 343–346.
4.
Azzouz, A. S., Baligh, M. M., and Ladd, C. C. (1983). “Corrected field vane strength for embankment design.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 109(5), 730–734.
5.
Baligh, M. M. (1985). “Strain path method.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 111(9), 1108–1136.
6.
Baligh, M. M. (1986a). “Undrained deep penetration, I: Shear stresses.” Geotechnique, London, England, 36(4), 471–485.
7.
Baligh, M. M. (1986b). “Undrained deep penetration, II: Pore pressures.” Geotechnique, London, England, 36(4), 487–501.
8.
Baligh, M. M., Azzouz, A. S., and Chin, C.‐T. (1987). “Disturbance due to ‘ideal’ tube sampling.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 113(7), 739–757.
9.
Barron, R. A. (1948). “Consolidation of fine‐grained soils by drain wells.” Trans., ASCE, 113, 718–754.
10.
Barron, R. A. (1964). Discussion of “Stability coefficients for earth slopes,” by A. W. Bishop and N. R. Morgenstern. Geotechnique, London, England, 14(4), 360–361.
11.
Becker, D. E., Crooks, J. H. A., Been, K., and Jefferies, M. G. (1987). “Work as a criteriqn for determining in situ and yield stresses in clays.” Canadian Geotech. J., 24(4), 549–564.
12.
Berre, T., and Bjerrum, L. (1973). “Shear strength of normally consolidated clays.” Proc. 8th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1.1, 39–49.
13.
Bishop, A. W. (1955). “The use of the slip circle in the stability analysis of slopes.” Geotechnique, London, England, 5(1), 7–17.
14.
Bishop, A. W., and Bjerrum, L. (1960). “The relevance of the triaxial test to the solution of stability problems.” Proc. Res. Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, ASCE, 437–501.
15.
Bjerrum, L. (1972). “Embankments on soft ground: SOA Report.” Proc. Speciality Conference on Performance of Earth and Earth‐Supported Structures, ASCE, 2, 1–54.
16.
Bjerrum, L. (1973). “Problems of soil mechanics and construction on soft clays: SOA Report.” Proc. 8th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 3, 111–159.
17.
Bjerrum, L., and Landva, A. (1966). “Direct simple shear tests on a Norwegian quick clay.” Geotechnique, London, England, 16(1), 1–20.
18.
Brinch‐Hansen, J. (1962). “Relationship between stability analyses with total and effective stress.” Sols‐Soils, (3), 28–41.
19.
Brinch‐Hansen, J., and Gibson, R. E. (1949). “Undrained shear strengths of ani‐sotropically consolidated clays.” Geotechnique, London, England, 1(3), 189–204.
20.
Bromwell, L. G. (1984). “Consolidation of mining wastes.” Proc. Symp. on Sedimentation‐Consolidation Models: Predictions and Validation, ASCE, 275–295.
21.
Campanella, R. G., and Robertson, P. K. (1988). “Current status of the piezocone test.” Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Penetration Testing, A. A. Balkema Publishing, 1, 93–116.
22.
Casagrande, A. (1936). “The determination of the pre‐consolidation load and its practical significance.” Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Cambridge, Mass., 3, 60–64.
23.
Casagrande, A., and Wilson, S. D. (1960). “Testing equipment, techniques and errors: Moderators' Report, Session 2,” Proc. Res. Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, ASCE, 1123–1130.
24.
Chandler, R. J. (1988). “The in‐situ measurement of the undrained shear strength of clays using the field vane: SOA paper.” Vane Shear Strength Testing in Soils: Field and Laboratory Studies, ASTM, STP 1014, 13–44.
25.
Consolidation of soils: Testing and evaluation. (1986). ASTM STP 892, R. N. Yong and F. C. Townsend, eds., ASTM.
26.
D'Appolonia, D. J., Lambe, T. W., and Poulos, H. G. (1971). “Evaluation of pore pressures beneath an embankment.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 97(6), 881–897.
27.
Dascal, O., Toumier, J. P., Tavenas, F., and LaRochelle, P. (1972). “Failure of a test embankment on sensitive clay.” Proc. Specialty Conference on Performance of Earth and Earth‐Supported Structures: Part 1, ASCE, 1, 129–158.
28.
“Design and construction of levees.” (1978). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual EM 1110‐2‐1913, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
29.
Dunnicliff, J. (1988). Geotechnical instrumentation for monitoring field performance. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
30.
Folkes, D. J., and Crooks, J. H. A. (1985). “Effective stress paths and yielding in soft clays below embankments.” Canadian Geotech. J., 22(3), 357–374.
31.
Foott, R., and Ladd, C. C. (1977). “Behaviour of Atchafalaya levees during construction.” Geotechnique, London, England, 27(2), 137–160.
32.
Foott, R., and Ladd, C. C. (1981). “Undrained settlement of plastic and organic clays.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 107(8), 1079–1094.
33.
Fredlund, D. G., and Krahn, J. (1977). “Comparison of slope stability methods of analysis.” Canadian Geotech. J., 14(3), 429–439.
34.
Germaine, J. T. (1982). “Development of the directional shear cell for measuring cross‐anisotropic clay properties,” thesis presented to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science.
35.
Germaine, J. T., and Ladd, C. C. (1988). “Triaxial testing of saturated cohesive soils: SOA paper.” Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ASTM STP 977, 421–459.
36.
Hight, D. W., Gens, A., and Symes, M. J. (1983). “The development of a new hollow cylinder apparatus for investigating the effects of principal stress rotation in soils.” Geotechnique, London, England, 33(4), 355–384.
37.
Hoeg, K., Andersland, O. B., and Rolfsen, E. N. (1969). “Undrained behaviour of quick clay under load tests at Asrum.” Geotechnique, London, England, 19(1), 101–115.
38.
Holtz, R. D., Jamiolkowski, M. B., and Lancellotta, R. (1986). “Lessons from oed‐ometer tests on high quality samples.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 112(8), 768–776.
39.
Jamiolkowski, M., Ladd, C. C., Germaine, J. T., and Lancellotta, R. (1985). “New developments in field and laboratory testing of soils: Theme Lecture 2.” Proc. 11th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., San Francisco, 1, 57–153.
40.
Jamiolkowski, M., Lancellotta, R., and Wolski, W. (1983). “Precompression and speeding up consolidation: General report speciality session 6.” Proc. 8th European Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Helsinki, 3, 1201–1226.
41.
Janbu, N. (1973). “Slope stability computations.” Embankment‐dam engineering, R. C. Hirschfeld and S. Poulos, eds., John Wiley and Sons, New York, N.Y., 47–86.
42.
Janbu, N. (1977). “Slopes and excavations in normally and lightly overconsolidated clays: SOA Report.” Proc. 9th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Tokyo, 2, 549–566.
43.
Janbu, N. (1979). “Design analysis for gravity platform foundations.” Proc. 2nd Int. Conference on Behaviour of Offshore Structures, London, 1, 407–426.
44.
Jeyapalan, J. K., Duncan, J. M., and Seed, H. B. (1983). “Analysis of flow failures of mine tailings dams.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 109(2), 150–171.
45.
Johnson, S. J. (1970). “Foundation precompression with vertical sand drains.” J. Soil Mech. and Foundations Div., ASCE, 96(1), 145–175.
46.
Johnson, S. J. (1974). “Analysis and design relating to embankments.” Proc. Conference on Analysis and Design in Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 2, 1–48.
47.
Koutsoftas, D. C., and Ladd, C. C. (1985). “Design strengths for an offshore clay.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 111(3), 337–355.
48.
Lacasse, S. M. (1979). “Effect of load duration on undrained behavior of clay and sand‐literature survey.” Internal Report 40007‐1, Norwegian Geotech. Inst.
49.
Lacasse, S., and Berre, T. (1988). “Triaxial testing methods for soils: SOA paper.” Advanced Triaxial Testing of Soil and Rock, ASTM STP 977, 264–289.
50.
Lacasse, S., Berre, T., and Lefebvre, G. (1985). “Block sampling of sensitive clays.” Proc. 11th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 2, 887–892.
51.
Lacasse, S., and Lunne, T. (1988). “Calibration of dilatometer correlations.” Proc. 1st Int. Symp. on Penetration Testing, Orlando, A. A. Balkema Publishing, 1, 539–548.
52.
Ladd, C. C. (1972). “Test embankment on sensitive clay.” Proc. Speciality Conference on Performance of Earth and Earth‐Supported Structures: Part 1, ASCE, 1, 101–128.
53.
Ladd, C. C. (1975). “Foundation design of embankments constructed on Connecticut Valley varved clays.” Research Report R75‐7, Dept. of Civil Engrg., MIT, Cambridge, MA, 439 p.
54.
Ladd, C. C. (1987a). “Use of precompression and vertical drains for stabilization of foundation soils.” GeoConsult lecture series on soft ground construction, Geo‐Consult, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
55.
Ladd, C. C. (1987b). “Characteristics and engineering properties of Northeastern varved clays.” Notes for Foundations and Soil Mechanics Group, Metropolitan Section of ASCE, New York, N.Y.
56.
Ladd, C. C. (1991). “Effects of disturbance on the performance of vertical drains.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE (In preparation).
57.
Ladd, C. C., Aldrich, H. P., and Johnson, E. G. (1969). “Embankment failure on organic clay.” Proc. 7th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Mexico City, 2, 627–634.
58.
Ladd, C. C., Dascal, O., Law, K. T., Lefebvre, G., Lessard, G., Mesri, G., and Tavenas, F. (1983). “Report of the embankment stability subcommittee.” Committee of Specialists on Sensitive Clays on the NBR Complex, SEBJ, Montreal, Canada, Annexe II.
59.
Ladd, C. C., and Edgers, L. (1972). “Consolidated‐undrained direct simple shear tests on saturated clays.” Research Report R72‐82, Dept. of Civ. Engrg., MIT, Cambridge, Mass.
60.
Ladd, C. C., and Foott, R. (1974). “New design procedure for stability of soft clays.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 100(7), 763–786.
61.
Ladd, C. C., and Foott, R. (1977). “Foundation design of embankments constructed on varved clays.” FHWA TS‐77‐214, U.S. Dept. of Transp., Washington, D.C.
62.
Ladd, C. C., Foott, R., Ishihara, K., Schlosser, F., and Poulos, H. G. (1977). “Stress‐deformation and strength characteristics: SOA report.” Proc. 9th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 2, 421–494.
63.
Ladd, C. C., Rixner, J. J., and Gifford, D. C. (1972). “Performance of embankments with sand drains on sensitive clay.” Proc. Speciality Conference on Performance of Earth and Earth‐Supported Structures: Part 1, ASCE, 1, 211–242.
64.
Lambe, T. W. (1973). “Predictions in soil engineering: 13th Rankine Lecture.” Geo‐technique, London, England, 23(2), 149–202.
65.
Lambe, T. W., and Whitman, R. V. (1969). Soil mechanics. 1st Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
66.
LaRochelle, P., Sarrailh, J., Tavenas, F., Roy, M., and Leroueil, S. (1981). “Causes of sampling disturbance and design of a new sampler for sensitive soils.” Canadian Geotech. J., 18(1), 52–66.
67.
LaRochelle, P., Trak, B., Tavenas, F., and Roy, M. (1974). “Failure of a test em‐bankment on a sensitive Champlain clay deposit.” Canadian Geotech. J., 11(1), 142–164.
68.
Larsson, R. (1980). “Undrained shear strength in stability calculation of embankments and foundations on soft clays.” Canadian Geotech. J., 17(4), 591–602.
69.
Lefebvre, G., Ladd, C. C., Mesri, G., and Tavenas, F. (1983). “Report of the testing subcommittee.” Committee of Specialists on Sensitive Clays on the NBR Complex, SEBJ, Montreal, Canada, Annexe I.
70.
Lefebvre, G., Ladd, C. C., and Pare, J.‐J. (1988). “Comparison of field vane and laboratory undrained shear strengths in soft sensitive clays.” Vane Shear Strength Testing in Soils: Field and Laboratory Studies, ASTM STP 1014, 233–246.
71.
Lefebvre, G., and LeBoeuf, D. (1987). “Rate effects and cyclic loading of sensitive clays.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 113(5), 476–489.
72.
Lefebvre, G., and Poulin, C. (1979). “A new method of sampling in sensitive clay.” Canadian Geotech. J., 16(1), 226–233.
73.
Leroueil, S. (1988). “Tenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Recent developments in consolidation of natural clays.” Canadian Geotech. J., 25(1), 85–107.
74.
Leroueil, S., Kabbaj, M., Tavenas, F., and Bouchard, R. (1985). “Stress‐strain‐strain rate relation for the compressibility of sensitive natural clays.” Geotech‐nique, London, England, 35(2), 159–180.
75.
Leroueil, S., Tavenas, F., Mieussens, C., and Peignaud, M. (1978). “Construction pore pressures in clay foundations under embankments. Part II: Generalized behaviour.” Canadian Geotech. J., 15(1), 66–82.
76.
Levadoux, J.‐N., and Baligh, M. M. (1986). “Consolidation after undrained piezo‐cone penetration, I: prediction.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 112(7), 707–728.
77.
Lobdell, H. L. (1959). “Rate of constructing embankments on soft foundation soils.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 85(5), 61–76.
78.
Lowe, J., III (1967). “Stability analysis of embankments.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 93(4), 1–33.
79.
Lowe, J., III, Jonas, E., and Obrician, V. (1969). “Controlled gradient consolidation test.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 95(1), 77–97.
80.
Marchetti, S. (1980). “In situ tests by flat dilatometer.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 106(3), 299–321.
81.
Mayne, P. W. (1980). “Cam‐clay predictions of undrained strength.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 106(11), 1219–1242.
82.
Mayne, P. W., and Kulhawy, F. H. (1982). “‐OCR relationships in soil.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 108(6), 851–872.
83.
Mesri, G. (1975). Discussion of “New design procedure for stability of soft clays,” by C. C. Ladd and R. Foott. J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 101(4), 409–412.
84.
Mesri, G. (1985). “Discussion, Session 2 on laboratory testing‐new procedures and data acquisition techniques.” Proc. 11th Inter. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Foundation Engrg., San Francisco, 5, 2689–2690.
85.
Mesri, G., and Castro, A. (1987). “ concept and during secondary compression.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 113(3), 230–247.
86.
Mesri, G., and Choi, Y. K. (1981). Discussion of “The behaviour of embankments on clay foundations,” by F. Tavenas and S. Leroueil. Canadian Geotech. J., 18(3), 460–462.
87.
Mesri, G., and Choi, Y. K. (1985a). “Settlement analysis of embankments on soft clays.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 111(4), 441–464.
88.
Mesri, G., and Choi, Y. K. (1985b). “The uniqueness of the end‐of‐primary (EOP) void ratio‐effective stress relationship.” Proc. 11th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 2, 587–590.
89.
Mitchell, J. K. (1981). “Soil improvement: SOA report.” Proc. 10th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., 4, 509–565.
90.
Moore, P. J. (1970). “The factor of safety against undrained failure of a slope.” Soils and Foundations, Japan, 10(3), 81–91.
91.
Morgenstern, N. R. (1985). “Geotechnical aspects of environmental control: Theme Lecture 3.” Proc. 11th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., San Francisco, 1, 155–185.
92.
Morgenstern, N. R., and Price, V. E. (1965). “An analysis of the stability of general slip surfaces.” Geotechnique, London, England, 15(1), 79–93.
93.
Murray, R., and Symons, I. F. (1984). “Settlement and stability of embankments on soft subsoils.” Ground movements and their effects on structures, Surrey University Press, 321–352.
94.
Orleach, P. (1983). “Techniques to evaluate the field performance of vertical drains,” thesis presented to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science.
95.
Parry, R. H. G. (1972). “Stability analysis for low embankments on soft clays.” Proc. Roscoe Memorial Symp. on Stress‐Strain Behaviour of Soils, Cambridge, Univ., Cambridge, England, 643–668.
96.
Peck, R. B. (1969). “Advantages and limitations of the observational method in applied soil mechanics: 9th Rankine Lecture.” Geotechnique, London, England, 19(2), 171–187.
97.
Peck, R. B. (1973). “Discussion in Main Session 4.” Proc. 8th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Moscow, U.S.S.R., 4.2, 99–100.
98.
Peck, R. B. (1988). Foreword to Geotechnical instrumentation for monitoring field performance, by J. Dunnicliff. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., vii–ix.
99.
Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E., and Thornbum, T. H. (1974). Foundation engineering. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
100.
Peck, R. B., and Lowe, J., III, (1960). “Shear strength of undisturbed cohesive soils: Moderators' report, session 4.” Proc. Res. Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, ASCE, Boulder, 1137–1140.
101.
Pelletier, J. H., Olson, R. E., and Rixner, J. J. (1979). “Estimation of consolidation properties of clay from field observations.” Geotech. Testing J., 2(1), 34–43.
102.
Pilot, G., Trak, B., and LaRochelle, P. (1982). “Effective stress analysis of the stability of embankments on soft soils.” Canadian Geotech. J., 19(4), 433–450.
103.
"Placement and improvement of soils: Committee Reports.” (1987). Soil improvement^ ten year update, J. S. Welsh, ed., ASCE, GSP No. 12, 1–135.
104.
Rivard, P. J., and Lu, Y. (1978). “Shear strength of soft fissured clays.” Canadian Geotech. J., 15(3), 382–390.
105.
Rixner, J. J., Kraemer, S. R., and Smith, A. D. (1986). “Prefabricated vertical drains, Vol. I, engineering guidelines.” FHWA/RD‐86/168, Federal Highway Admin., Washington, D.C.
106.
Roscoe, K. H., and Burland, J. B. (1968). “On the generalized stress‐strain behaviour of ‘wet’ clay.” Engineering plasticity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 535–609.
107.
Rutledge, P. C. (1947). “Review of the cooperative triaxial shear research program of the Corps of Engineers.” Soil Mechanics Fact Finding Survey, Progress Report, U.S. Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss., 1–178.
108.
Saada, A. S., and Townsend, F. C. (1981). “State‐of‐the‐art: Laboratory strength testing of soils.” Symp. on Lab. Shear Strength of Soil, ASTM STP 740, 7–77.
109.
Sambhandharaksa, S. (1977). “Stress‐strain‐strength anisotropy of varved clays,” thesis presented to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science.
110.
Schiffman, R. L., Vick, S. G., and Gibson, R. E. (1988). “Behavior and properties of hydraulic fills.” Proc. Specialty Conference on Hydr. Fill Structures, ASCE, GSP No. 21, 166–202.
111.
Schmertmann, J. H. (1955). “The undisturbed consolidation of clay.” Trans., ASCE, 120, 1201–1233.
112.
Schmertmann, J. H. (1975). “Discussion on measurement of in situ shear strength.” Proc. Speciality Conference on In Situ Measurement of Soil Properties, ASCE, 2, 175–179.
113.
Schmertmann, J. H. (1986). “Suggested method for performing the flat dilatometer test.” Geotech. Testing J., ASTM, 9(2), 93–101.
114.
Sedimentation consolidation models: Predictions and validation. (1984). R. N. Yong and F. C. Townsend, eds., ASCE.
115.
Simon, R. M., Christian, J. T., and Ladd, C. C. (1974). “Analysis of undrained behavior of loads on clay.” Proc. Conference on Analysis and Design in Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 1, 51–84.
116.
Simons, N. E. (1976). “Field studies of the stability of embankments on clay foundations.” Laurits Bjerrum Memorial Volume, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, 183–209.
117.
Skempton, A. W. (1948a). “The analysis for stability and its theoretical basis.” Proc. 2nd Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Rotterdam, 1, 72–78.
118.
Skempton, A. W. (1948b). “A study of the immediate triaxial test on cohesive soils.” Proc. 2nd Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., Rotterdam, 1, 192–196.
119.
Skempton, A. W. (1948c). “A study of the geotechnical properties of some postglacial clays.” Geotechnique, London, England, 1(1), 7–22.
120.
“Slope stability and protection.” (1982). Design Manual 7.1: Soil mechanics, Naval Facilities Engrg. Command, Dept. of the Navy, Washington, D.C., Table 2, 7.1–312.
121.
Smith, R. E., and Wahls, H. E. (1969). “Consolidation under constant rates of strain.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 95(2), 519–539.
122.
Spencer, E. (1967). “A method of analysis of the stability of embankments assuming parallel inter‐slice forces.” Geotechnique, 17(1), 11–26.
123.
“Stability analysis.” (1971). Design manual 7: Soil mechanics, foundations, and earth structures, Chapter 7, Naval Facilities Engrg. Command, Dept. of the Navy, Washington, D.C.
124.
“Stability of earth and rock fill dams.” (1970). U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Manual EM 1110‐2‐1902, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
125.
Stauffer, P. A., and Obermeyer, J. R. (1988). “Pore water pressure conditions in tailings dams.” Proc. Speciality Conference on Hydr. Fill Structures, ASCE, GSP No. 21, 924–939.
126.
Svano, G. (1981). “Undrained effective stress analyses,” thesis presented to the Norwegian Institute of Technology, at Trondheim, Norway, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Engineering.
127.
Tavenas, F., Blanchet, R., Garneau, R., and Leroueil, S. (1978). “The stability of stage‐constructed embankments on soft clays.” Canadian Geotech. J., 15(2), 283–305.
128.
Tavenas, F., Leblond, P., Jean, P., and Leroueil, S. (1983). “The permeability of natural soft clays, Part I: Methods of laboratory measurement.” Canadian Geotech. J., 20(4), 629–644.
129.
Tavenas, F., and Leroueil, S. (1980). “The behaviour of embankments on clay foundations.” Canadian Geotech. J., 17(2), 236–260.
130.
Tavenas, F., and Leroueil, S. (1985). Discussion of “New developments in field and laboratory testing of soils,” by Jamiolkowski et al., Proc. 11th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., San Francisco, 5, 2693–2694.
131.
Tavenas, F., Mieussens, C., and Bourges, F. (1979). “Lateral displacements in clay foundations under embankments.” Canadian Geotech. J., 16(3), 532–550.
132.
Terzaghi, K. (1936). “The shearing resistance of saturated soils and the angle between the planes of shear.” Proc. 1st Int. Conference on Soils Mech. and Found. Engrg., Cambridge, Mass., 1, 54–56.
133.
Terzaghi, K., and Peck, R. B. (1967). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice. 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
134.
Vaid, Y. P., and Campanella, R. G. (1974). “Triaxial and plane strain behavior of natural clay.” J. Geotech. Engrg. Div., ASCE, 100(3), 207–224.
135.
Vaughan, P. R. (1972). “Undrained failure of clay embankments.” Proc. Roscoe Memorial Symp. on Stress‐Strain Behaviour of Soils, Cambridge Univ., 683–691.
136.
Vick, S. G. (1983). Planning, Design and Analysis of Tailings Dams. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
137.
Whitman, R. V. (1984). “Evaluating calculated risk in geotechnical engineering: 17th Terzaghi Lecture.” J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 110(2), 145–188.
138.
Whittle, A. J. (1987). “A constitutive model for overconsolidated clays with application to the cyclic loading of friction piles,” thesis presented to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science.
139.
Whittle, A. J. (1991). “Evaluation of a model for predicting the behaviour of over‐consolidated clays.” Geotechnique, London, England (in Press).
140.
Wissa, A. E. Z., Christian, J. T., Davis, E. H., and Heiberg, S. (1971). “Consolidation at constant rate of strain.” J. Soil Mech. and Found. Div., ASCE, 97(10), 1393–1413.
141.
Wroth, C. P., and Houlsby, G. T. (1985). “Soil mechanics‐property characterization and analysis procedures: Theme Lecture 1.” Proc. 11th Int. Conference on Soil Mech. and Found. Engrg., San Francisco, 1, 1–55.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 117 • Issue 4 • April 1991
Pages: 540 - 615
Copyright
Copyright © 1991 ASCE.
History
Published online: Apr 1, 1991
Published in print: Apr 1991
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.