Creep of Anisotropic Clay: Microplane Model
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 112, Issue 4
Abstract
Undrained constant‐volume creep of anisotropically consolidated specimens of clay is mathematically described by the microplane model, which is based on the assumption that the shear strain rates on the contact planes between mutually sliding clay platelets (the microplanes) are the resolved components of the macroscopic strain rate. Thus, the microstructure is assumed to be kinematically constrained. The rate of shear on the microplanes is assumed to be governed by activation energy (rate process theory). The matrix of the current viscosities is obtained as an integral over all spatial directions involving the shear strain rates for the microplanes. This integral, which is evaluated numerically as a summation, gives the dependence of the viscosity matrix on the applied macroscopic stress. Anisotropy of the clay is characterized by a function of the spherical angles describing the relative frequency of clay platelets of various orientations. This function can be approximately estimated from X‐ray diffraction measurements. The model involves only two material parameters for the stress dependence and one for the time decay of creep rate. Satisfactory fits of test data on remolded clay samples anisotropically consolidated in the laboratory are achieved, but applicability in the field remains experimentally unverified.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Arulanandan, K., Shen, C. K., and Young, R. B., “Undrained Creep Behaviour of a Coastal Organic Silty Clay,” Geotechnique, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1971, pp. 359–375.
2.
Baker, D. W., Wenk, A. R., and Christie, J. M., “X‐Ray Analysis of Preferred Orientation in Fine Grained Quartz Aggregates,” Journal of Geology, Vol. 77, 1969, pp. 144–172.
3.
Batdorf, S. B., and Budianski, B., “A Mathematical Theory of Plasticity Based on the Concept of Slip,” National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (N.A.C.A.) Technical Note No. 1871, Washington, DC, Apr., 1949.
4.
Bažant, Z. P., “Microplane Model for Strain‐Controlled Inelastic Behavior,” Chapter 3, “Mechanics of Engineering Materials,” C. S. Desai and R. H. Gallagher, Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 1984, pp. 45–59.
5.
Bažant, Z. P., and Oh, B. H., “Microplane Model for Progressive Fracture of Concrete and Rock,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 3, No. 4, Apr., 1985, pp. 559–582.
6.
Bažant, Z. P., and Oh, B. H., “Efficient Numerical Integration on the Surface of a Sphere,” Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (ZAMM), Berlin, Germany, Vol. 66, No. 1, p. 37.
7.
Bažant, Z. P., and Oh, B. H., “Microplane Model for Fracture Analysis of Concrete Structures,” Proceedings, Symposium on the Interaction of Nonnuclear Munitions with Structures,” US Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, May, 1983, pp. 49–55.
8.
Bažant, Z. P., Ozaydin, K., and Krizek, R. J., “Micromechanics Model for Creep of Anisotropic Clay,” Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. EM1, Feb., 1975, pp. 57–78.
9.
Campanella, R. G., and Vaid, Y. P., “Triaxial and Plane Strain Creep Rupture of an Undisturbed Clay,” Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 11, No. 1, Feb., 1974, pp. 1–10.
10.
Christensen, R. W., and Wu, T. H., “Analysis of Clay Deformation as a Rate Process,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No. SM6, Proc. Paper 4147, Nov., 1964, pp. 125–127.
11.
Cottrell, A. H., The Mechanical Properties of Matter, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1964.
12.
Diamond, S., “Pore Size Distribution in Clays,” Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 18, 1970, pp. 7–23.
13.
Edil, T. B., and Krizek, R. J., “Preparation of Isotropically Consolidated Clay Samples with Random Fabrics,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 5, No. 5, 1977, pp. 406–412.
14.
Glasstone, S., Laidler, K. J., and Eyring, H., The Theory of Rate Processes, McGraw‐Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1941.
15.
Krizek, R. J., Chawla, K. S., and Edil, T. B., “Directional Creep Response of Anisotropic Clays,” Geotechnique, Vol. 27, No. 1, Mar., 1977, pp. 37–51.
16.
Krizek, R. J., Edil, T. B., and Ozaydin, I. K., “Preparation and Identification of Clay Samples with Controlled Fabric,” Engineering Geology, 1975, Vol. 9, pp. 13–38.
17.
Mitchell, J. K., “Shearing Resistance of Soils as a Rate Process,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 90, No. SM1, Proc. Paper 3773, Jan., 1964, pp. 29–61.
18.
Mitchell, J. K., Campanella, R. G., and Singh, A., “Soil Creep as a Rate Process,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM1, Proc. Paper 5751, Jan., 1968, pp. 231–253.
19.
Murayama, S., and Shibata, T., “On the Rheological Character of Clay,” Transactions, Japan Society of Civil Engineers, No. 40, pp. 1–31.
20.
Murayama, S., and Shibata, T., “Rheological Properties of Clays,” Proceedings, 5th International Congress on Soil Mechanics and Engineering Foundations, Paris, France, 1961, pp. 269–273.
21.
Murayama, S., and Shibata, T., “Flow and Stress Relaxation of Clays (Rheology and Soil Mechanics),” Proceedings, Rheology and Soil Mechanics Symposium of the International Union of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Grenoble, France, Apr., 1964, pp. 99–129.
22.
Pande, G. N., and Sharma, K. G., “Multi‐Laminate Model of Clays—A Numerical Evaluation of the Influence of Rotation of the Principal Stress Axes,” Report, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University College of Swansea, UK, 1982.
23.
Schwab, E. F., and Broms, B. B., “Pressure‐Settlement‐Time Relationship by Screw Plate Tests in Situ,” 9th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1, Tokyo, Japan, 1977, pp. 281–288.
24.
Sheeran, D. E., and Krizek, R. J., “Preparation of Homogeneous Soil Samples by Slurry Consolidation,” Journal of Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 6, 1971, pp. 356–373.
25.
Singh, A., and Mitchell, J. K., “General Stress‐Strain‐Time Function for Soils,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM1, Proc. Paper 5728, Jan., 1968, pp. 21–26.
26.
Stroud, A. H., Approximate Calculation of Multiple Integrals, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971.
27.
Tan, T. K., “Structure Mechanics of Clays,” Academia Sinica, Soil Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Harbin, China, 1957.
28.
Taylor, G. I., “Plastic Strain in Metals,” Journal of the Institute of Metals, Vol. 62, 1938, pp. 307–324.
29.
Tullis, T. E., “Experimental Development of Preferred Orientation of Mica During Recrystallization,” thesis presented to the Univ. of California, at Los Angeles, CA, in 1971, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
30.
Vaid, Y. P., and Campanella, R. G., “Time‐Dependent Behaviour of Undrained Clay,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT7, July, 1977, pp. 693–709.
31.
Wu, T. Y., Resendiz, D., and Nuekirchner, R. J., “Analysis of Consolidation by Rate Process Theory,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. SM6, Nov., 1966, pp. 229–248.
32.
Zienkiewicz, O. C., The Finite Element Method in Engineering Science, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill Book, Co., Inc., New York, NY, 1977.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1986 ASCE.
History
Published online: Apr 1, 1986
Published in print: Apr 1986
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.