Statistical Evaluation of Cyclic Strength of Sand
Publication: Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
Volume 110, Issue 12
Abstract
A statistical model is proposed to estimate the cyclic shear strength of a saturated sand deposit. Large‐scale shaking table test results are used to develop the basic model since they reproduce the in situ test conditions more closely than other laboratory tests. Due to the unavailability of large‐scale shaking table test results for different soils and test conditions, cyclic triaxial test results are used to modify this basic model. The model is first developed to represent laboratory conditions. This laboratory relationship is then modified for in situ conditions. Factors affecting laboratory relationships that are considered in this study are methods of sample preparation, soil fabric, system compliance, mean grain size, multidirectionality of earthquake motions, and secondary factors. Factors affecting the in situ relationship are previous strain history, age, cementation, etc. It is observed that considerable uncertainty is expected in the estimation of the in situ cyclic shear strength. The uncertainty associated with the in situ relative density contributes significantly to the overall uncertainty. This type of uncertainty needs to be considered in any analysis where the cyclic shear strength of sand is an important parameter, e.g., liquefaction.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Annaki, M., and Lee, K. L., “Equivalent Uniform Cycle Concept for Soil Dynamics,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT6, June, 1977, pp. 549–564.
2.
Bazaraa, A. R. S. S., “Use of the Standard Penetration Test for Estimating Settlements of Shallow Foundation on Sand,” thesis presented to the University of Illinois, at Urbana, Ill., in 1967, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
3.
Castro, G., “Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility of Saturated Sands,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 101, No. GT6, June, 1975, pp. 551–569.
4.
DeAlba, P., Chan, C. K., and Seed, H. B., “Determination of Soil Liquefaction Characteristics by Large‐Scale Laboratory Tests,” Earthquake Engineering Research Center Report No. EERC 75‐14, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., May, 1975.
5.
Finn, W. D. L., Bransby, P. L., and Pickering, D. J., “Effect of Strain History on Liquefaction of Sands,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 96, No. SM6, June, 1970, pp. 1917–1934.
6.
Finn, W. D. L., Pickering, D. J., and Bransby, P. L., “Sand Liquefaction in Triaxial and Simple Shear Tests,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. SM4, Apr., 1971, pp. 639–659.
7.
Finn, W. D. L., and Vaid, Y. P., “Liquefaction Potential From Drained Constant Volume Cyclic Simple Shear Tests,” Proceedings, Sixth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 6, New Delhi, India, Jan., 1977, pp. 2157–2162.
8.
Gibbs, H. J., and Holtz, W. G., “Research of Determining the Density of Sand by Spoon Penetration Test,” Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Engineering, Vol. 1, 1957, pp. 35–39.
9.
Haldar, A., and Miller, F. J., “Probabilistic Evaluation of Damage Potential in Earthquake‐Induced Liquefaction in a 3‐D Soil Deposit,” Report No. SCEGIT‐82–101, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga., 1982.
10.
Haldar, A., and Tang, W. H., “Probabilistic Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT2, Feb., 1979, pp. 145–163.
11.
Haldar, A., and Tang, W. H., “Uncertainty Analysis in Relative Density,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT7, July, 1979, pp. 899–904.
12.
Haldar, A., and Tang, W. H., “Statistical Study of Uniform Cycles in Earthquake Motions,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 107, No. GT5, May, 1981, pp. 577–589.
13.
Ishihara, K., and Yasuda, S., “Sand Liquefaction Due to Irregular Excitation,” Soils and Foundations, Vol. 12, No. 4, Dec., 1972.
14.
Ishihara, K., and Yasuda, S., “Sand Liquefaction Under Random Earthquake Loading Condition,” Proceedings, Fifth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, 1973.
15.
Ladd, R. S., “Specimen Preparation and Cyclic Stability of Sands,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT6, June, 1977, pp. 535–547.
16.
Lee, K. L., “Formation of Adhesion Bonds in Sands at High Pressures,” Report No. UCLA‐ENG‐7586, UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Los Angeles, Calif., Oct., 1975.
17.
Lee, K. L., and Chan, K., “Number of Equivalent Significant Cycles in Strong Motion Earthquakes,” Proceedings, International Conference on Microzonation, Seattle, Wash., Nov., 1972.
18.
Lee, K. L., and Fitton, J. A., “Factors Affecting the Cyclic Loading Strengths of Soil,” Vibration Effects of Earthquake on Soils and Foundation, STP 450, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1969, pp. 71–95.
19.
Marcuson, W. F., and Bieganousky, W. A., “Laboratory Standard Penetration Tests on Fine Sand,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT6, June, 1977, pp. 565–588.
20.
Marcuson, W. F., and Beiganousky, W. A., “SPT and Relative Density in Course Sands,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT11, Nov., 1977, pp. 1295–1309.
21.
Martin, G. R., Finn, W. D. L., and Seed, H. B., “Effects of System Compliance on Liquefaction Tests,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 104, No. GT4, Apr., 1978, pp. 463–479.
22.
Mori, K., Seed, H. B., and Chan, C. K., “Influence of Sample Disturbance on Sand Response to Cyclic Loading,” Report No. EERC 77‐03, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Jan., 1977.
23.
Mulilis, J. P., Seed, H. B., Chan, C. K., Mitchell, J. K., and Arulanandan, K., “Effects of Sample Preparation on Sand Liquefaction,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 103, No. GT2, Feb., 1977, pp. 91–108.
24.
Peacock, W. H., and Seed, H. B., “Sand Liquefaction Under Cyclic Loading Simple Shear Conditions,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 94, No. SM3, May, 1968, pp. 689–708.
25.
Pyke, R. M., Chan, C. K., and Seed, H. B., “Settlement and Liquefaction of Sands Under Multi‐Directional Shaking,” Report No. EERC 74‐2, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Feb., 1974.
26.
Seed, H. B., “Soil Liquefaction and Cyclic Mobility Evaluation for Level Ground During Earthquakes,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. GT2, Feb., 1979, pp. 201–255.
27.
Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M., “Simplified Procedure for Evaluating Soil Liquefaction Potential,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 97, No. SM9, Sept., 1971, pp. 1249–1273.
28.
Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M., and Arango, I., “Evaluation of Liquefaction Potential Using Field Performance Data,” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 109, No. 3, Mar., 1983, pp. 458–482.
29.
Seed, H. B., and Lee, K. L., “Liquefaction of Saturated Sands During Cyclic Loading,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE, Vol. 92, No. SM6, Nov., 1966, pp. 105–134.
30.
Seed, H. B., Pyke, R., and Martin, G. R., “Analysis of the Effect of Multi‐Directional Shaking on the Liquefaction Characteristics of Sands,” Report No. EERC 75‐41, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Calif., Dec., 1975.
31.
Tavenas, F. A., Ladd, R. S., and LaRochelle, P., “The Accuracy of Relative Density Measurements: Results of a Comparative Test Program,” Relative Density Involving Cohesionless Soils, STP 523, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1972, pp. 18–60.
32.
Yoshimi, Y., and Oh‐Oka, H., “A Ring Torsion Apparatus For Simple Shear Tests,” Proceedings, Eighth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Vol. 1.2, Moscow, U.S.S.R., 1973, pp. 501–506.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1984 ASCE.
History
Published online: Dec 1, 1984
Published in print: Dec 1984
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.