Intake Operation for Deep Cooling Reservoirs
Publication: Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 113, Issue 2
Abstract
Most cooling reservoirs in the U.S. employ a surface intake, but many could obtain improved performance (decreased intake temperature during summer) by using a submerged intake. Potential improvements were studied using mathematical hydrothermal modeling applied to five hypothetical reservoirs located in Augusta, Ga. For the base case reservoir—characterized by an average depth of 30 ft (9.1 m), surface area of 2,000 acres (809 ha), and areal loading of 0.99 MWt/acre—and a range of vertical mixing parameters, intake temperatures from Apr.–Oct. decreased by an average of 0.7–1.2 °F (0.4–0.7 °C) using a submerged intake as compared with a surface intake. For a range of assumed turbine performance curves and cost parameters, these temperatures yield estimated energy savings of 1,200,000–20,400,000 kWh annually and total, present valued, cost savings of $700,000–$11,600,000. Savings increase as the reservoir area and depth increase and vertical mixing decreases. In most cases, performance also improves with combined use of a surface and a submerged intake, with the former used during initial periods of the annual stratification cycle.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Adams, E. E. (1982). “The transient response of cooling ponds.” Water Resources Res., 18(5), 1469–1478.
2.
Adams, E., Wells, S. H., and Ho, E. K. (1987). “Vertical diffusion in a stratified cooling lake.” J. Hydr. Engrg., ASCE, 113(3), 293–307.
3.
Barton, J. L. (1985). “Water quality characteristics of a thermally‐influenced Virginia reservoir, Lake Anna, related to eurythermic and mesothermic species preferenda.” Proc. North American Lake Management Society, McAfee, N.J.
4.
Croley, II, T. E., Giaquinta, A. R., and Patel, V. C. (1978). “Wet cooling tower backfitting economics.” J. Power Div., ASCE, 104(2), 115–130.
5.
EPRI. (1985). “TAG technical assessment guide,” Report No. EPRI P‐2410‐SR, Electric Power Research Institue, Palo Alto, Calif.
6.
Engineering Hydraulics, Inc. (1982). Final report of cooling lake efficiency study, Hyco Lake, Roxboro Steam Electric Plant. Report prepared for Carolina Power & Light Co., by Engineering Hydraulics, Inc., Longmont, Colo.
7.
Fischer, H. B., List, E. J., Koh, R. C. Y., Imberger, J., and Brooks, N. H. (1979). Mixing in inland and coastal waters, Academic Press, New York, N.Y.
8.
Fontane, D. G., and Labadie, J. W. (1981). “Optimal control of reservoir discharge quality through selective withdrawal.” Water Resources Res., 17(6), 1594–1604.
9.
Hamon, R. W., Weiss, L. L., and Wilson, W. T. (1954). “Insulation as an empirical function of daily sunshine duration.” Monthly Weather Rev., 82(6), 141–146.
10.
Hurley, K., Watanabe, M., Adams, E. E., Jirka, G. H., Helfrich, K. R., and Harleman, D. R. F. (1980). “Mathematical predictive models for cooling lakes and ponds; Part B: User's manual and applications of MITEMP.” Technical Report No. 262, R. M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
11.
Jaske, R. T. (1971). Report of the Water Working Group, Committee on Power Plant Siting. National Academy of Engineering, Washington, D.C.
12.
Jirka, G. H., and Harleman, D. R. F. (1979). “Cooling impoundments: classification and analysis.” J. Energy Div., ASCE, 105(2) 291–309.
13.
Jirka, G. H., Watanabe, M., Octavio, K. H., Cerco, C. F., and Harleman, D. R. F. (1978). “Mathematical predictive models for cooling lakes and ponds; Part A: Model development and design considerations.” Technical Report No. 238, R. M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
14.
Kao, T. W. (1965). “The phenomenon of block in stratified flow.” J. Geophys. Res., 70(4), 815–822.
15.
Local climatological data for Bush Field, Augusta, Ga. (1961). U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Climatic Center, NOAA, Asheville, N.C.
16.
Luxenberg, R. R., and Adams, E. E. (1986). “Hydrothermal performance of vertically stratified cooling ponds.” Report No. EPRI CS‐4320, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
17.
Makarov, I. I., and Zisman, S. L. (1972). “On the peculiarities of water supply to thermal and nuclear power plants from stratified streams and reservoirs.” Proceedings, International Symposium on Stratified Flows, International Association Hydraulic Research/Novosibirsk, U.S.S.R.
18.
Najjar, K. F., Shaw, J. J., Adams, E. E., Jirka, G. H., and Harleman, D. R. F. (1979). “An environmental and economic comparison of cooling system designs for steam‐electric power plants.” Report No. MIT‐EL 79‐037, Energy Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
19.
Ryan, P. J., and Harleman, D. R. F. (1973). “An analytical and experimental study of transient cooling pond behavior.” Technical Report No. 151, R. M. Parsons Laboratory for Water Resources and Hydrodynamics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
20.
Tetra Tech, Inc. (1981). “Assessment methodology for new cooling lakes, Vol. 3: Limnological and fisheries data and bibliography.” Report No. EPRI EA‐2059, Vol. 3, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Energy Engineering
Volume 113 • Issue 2 • September 1987
Pages: 37 - 49
Copyright
Copyright © 1987 ASCE.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1987
Published in print: Sep 1987
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.