Spatially Averaged Turbulent Flow over Square Ribs
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 133, Issue 2
Abstract
A series of experiments was undertaken to assess fully rough turbulent subcritical flow over two-dimensional transverse repeated-rib roughness of varying spacing (roughness spacing/height ratio), with (roughness height/flow depth). Each of the 11 experiments involved centerline measurements of three-dimensional velocity vectors, water surface profiles, and bed pressures and forces. The structure of flow over rib roughness consists of a pair of principal vortices of opposite sign set up by the ribs. These vortices are superimposed on an overall double- (time and space)-averaged velocity profile that is (quasi-) logarithmic above roughness tops, and that below roughness tops changes with increasing rib spacing from exponential to linear to logarithmic . The measured double-averaged velocity profiles are parameterized herein, and double-averaged Reynolds and form-induced stress profiles and trends are also identified. Maximum drag due to wall roughness is found to occur for . The experimentally determined momentum balance, including effects of secondary currents and flow acceleration, is found to agree well with theoretical expectations. It is shown that the knowledge of the effects of form-induced stresses, secondary currents, and flow nonuniformity may be particularly important for describing and modeling flows over roughness elements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This research was partly funded by the Marsden Fund (UOA220) administered by the Royal Society of New Zealand. The writers are grateful to G. Kirby, J. Luo, R. Lau, L. Lou, and S. Blackbourn for assistance with the experimental work and analyses. The writers are further grateful to Dr. I. McEwan, Dr. D. Pokrajac, Dr. L. Campbell, Dr. G. Constantinescu, and Professor V. C. Patel for useful discussions.
References
Bandyopadhyay, P. R. (1987). “Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers in the transition regime.” J. Fluid Mech., 180, 231–266.
Bandyopadhyay, P. R., and Watson, R. D. (1988). “Structure of rough-wall turbulent boundary layers.” Phys. Fluids, 31(7), 1877–1883.
Barrantes, A. I., and Madsen, O. S. (2000). “Near-bottom flow and flow resistance for currents obliquely incident to two-dimensional roughness elements.” J. Geophys. Res., 105(C11), 26,253–26,264.
Bettermann, D. (1966). “Contribution a l’étude de la convection forceé turbulente le long de plaques rugeuses.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, 153–164.
Clauser, F. H. (1956). The turbulent boundary layer, Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. 4, Academic, New York.
Coleman, S. E., Nikora, V. I., McLean, S. R., Clunie, T. M., Schlicke, T., and Melville, B. W. (2006). “Equilibrium hydrodynamics concept for developing dunes.” Phys. Fluids, 18(10), 105104, 1–12.
Coleman, S. E., Nikora, V. I., McLean, S. R., and Schlicke, E. (2005). “Spatially-averaged turbulent flow over square-rib roughness.” 4th IAHR Symp. on River, Coastal and Estuarine Morphodynamics, Urbana, Ill., October 4–7, Taylor and Francis, London, 211–216.
Cui, J., Patel, V. C., and Lin, C-L. (2000). “Large-eddy simulation of turbulent flow over rough surfaces.” Technical Rep. No. 413, IIHR, The Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
Davies, T. R. H. (1980). “Bedform spacing and flow resistance.” J. Hydr. Div., 106(3), 423–433.
Djenidi, L., Elavarasan, R., and Antonia, R. A. (1999). “The turbulent boundary layer over transverse square cavities.” J. Fluid Mech., 395, 271–294.
Finnigan, J. J. (2000). “Turbulence in plant canopies.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 32, 519–571.
Goring, D., and Nikora, V. (2002). “De-spiking acoustic Doppler velocimeter data.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 128(1), 117–126.
Hanjalić, K., and Launder, B. E. (1972). “Fully developed asymmetric flow in a plane channel.” J. Fluid Mech., 51(2), 301–335.
Huckle, E., Pantelic, D., Hu, K., Jones, S., Travkin, V., and Catton, I. (1999). “LDV measurements of the velocity field within a ribbed internal duct flow.” Proc., 33rd ASME National Heat Transfer Conf., August 14–17, Albuquerque, N.M.
Hudson, I. D., Dykhno, L., and Hanratty, T. J. (1996). “Turbulence production in flow over a wavy wall.” Exp. Fluids, 20, 257–265.
Ikeda, T., and Durbin, P. A. (2002). “Direct simulations of a rough-wall channel flow.” Rep. No. TF-81, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Jackson, P. S. (1981). “On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile.” J. Fluid Mech., 111, 15–25.
Jiménez, J. (2004). “Turbulent flows over rough walls.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 36, 173–196.
Kader, B. A. (1977). “Hydraulic resistance of surfaces covered by two-dimensional roughness at high Reynolds numbers.” Teor. Osn. Khim. Tekhnol., 11, 393–404.
Leonardi, S., Orlandi, P., Smalley, R. J., Djenidi, L., and Antonia, R. A. (2003). “Direct numerical simulations of turbulent channel flow with transverse square bars on one wall.” J. Fluid Mech., 491, 229–238.
Liou, T. M., Hwang, J-J., and Chen, S-H. (1993). “Simulation and measurement of enhanced turbulent heat transfer in a channel with periodic ribs on one principal wall.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 36, 507–517.
Liu, C. K., Kline, S. J., and Johnstone, J. (1966). “An experimental study of turbulent boundary layers on rough walls.” Rep. No. MD-15, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.
Nezu, I., and Nakagawa, H. (1993). Turbulence in open-channel flows, IAHR Monograph Series, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
Nikora, V. (2004). “Spatial averaging concept for rough-bed open-channel and overland flows.” Proc., Sixth Int. Conf. on Hydro-Science and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, National Centre for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, Miss. (CD-Rom).
Nikora, V., and Goring, D. G. (1999). “Effects of bed mobility on turbulence structure.” NIWA Internal Rep. No. 48, NIWA, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Nikora, V., Goring, D., McEwan, I., and Griffiths, G. (2001). “Spatially-averaged open-channel flow over a rough bed.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 127(2), 123–133.
Nikora, V., Koll, K., McEwan, I., McLean, S., and Dittrich, A. (2004). “Velocity distribution in the roughness layer of rough-bed flows.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(10), 1036–1042.
Nikora, V., Koll, K., McLean, S., Dittrich, A., and Aberle, J. (2002). “Zero-plane displacement for rough-bed open-channel flows.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Fluvial Hydraulics, River Flow 2002, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, September 4–6, Taylor and Francis, London, 83–92.
Nikora, V. I., McLean, S. R., Coleman, S. E., Pokrajac, D., McEwan, I., Campbell, L., Aberle, J., Clunie, T. M., and Koll, K. (2007a). “Double-averaging concept for rough-bed open-channel and overland flows: Applications.”J. Hydrol. Eng., in press.
Nikora, V. I., McEwan, I., McLean, S. R., Coleman, S. E., Pokrajac, D., and Walters, R. (2007b). “Double-averaging concept for rough-bed open-channel and overland flows: Theoretical background.”J. Hydrol. Eng., in press.
Perry, A. E., Schofield, W. H., and Joubert, P. N. (1969). “Rough wall turbulent boundary layers.” J. Fluid Mech., 37(2), 383–413.
Pokrajac, D., Campbell, L. J., Manes, C., Nikora, V. I., and McEwan, I. K. (2003). “Spatially averaged flow over ribbed roughness: A new application of quadrant analysis.” Proc., 30th IAHR Congress, Theme C, Thessaloniki, Greece, 103–110.
Raupach, M. R., Antonia, R. A., and Rajagopalan, S. (1991). “Rough-wall turbulent boundary layers.” Appl. Mech. Rev., 44(1), 1–25.
Simpson, R. L. (1973). “A generalized correlation of roughness density effects on the turbulent boundary layer.” AIAA J., 11, 242–244.
Song, T., and Graf, W. H. (1994). “Nonuniform open-channel flow over a rough bed.” J. Hydrosci. Hydr. Eng., 12(1), 1–25.
Song, T., and Graf, W. H. (1996). “Velocity and turbulence distribution in unsteady open-channel flows.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 122(3), 141–154.
Stoesser, T., and Rodi, W. (2004). “LES of bar and rod roughened channel flow.” Proc., Sixth Int. Conf. on Hydro-Science and Engineering, Brisbane, Australia, National Centre for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering, Univ. of Mississippi, Miss. (CD-Rom).
Tani, J. (1987). “Turbulent boundary layer development over rough surfaces.” Perspectives in turbulence studies, Springer, Berlin.
Townes, H. W., and Sabersky, R. H. (1966). “Experiments on the flow over a rough surface.” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, 729–738.
Townsend, A. A. (1976). The structure of turbulent shear flow, 2nd Ed., Cambridge Univ., Cambridge, England.
Yaglom, A. M. (1979). “Similarity laws for constant-pressure and pressure-gradient turbulent wall flows.” Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 11, 505–540.
Yang, K. S., and Ferziger, J. H. (1993). “Large-eddy simulation of turbulent obstacle flow using a dynamic subgrid-scale model.” AIAA J., 31, 1406–1413.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: May 3, 2005
Accepted: Apr 19, 2006
Published online: Feb 1, 2007
Published in print: Feb 2007
Notes
Note. Associate Editor: Robert J. Martinuzzi
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.