Influence of Permeability on Liquefaction-Induced Shear Deformation
Publication: Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 128, Issue 7
Abstract
Permeability of a liquefiable soil profile may affect the rate of pore-pressure buildup and subsequent dissipation during and after earthquake excitation. Consequently, effective soil confinement and available resistance to shear deformations may be significantly dependent on permeability in many practical situations. If present, spatial variation in permeability may even have a more profound impact on available overall shear resistance. Indeed, case histories and experimental evidence (shake table and centrifuge tests) suggest that spatial permeability variation in stratified liquefiable deposits can highly influence the nature and extent of associated lateral deformation. In such situations, the onset of liquefaction-induced densification may result in water or water-rich thin interlayers trapped below overlying low-permeability strata. The presence of these low-shear-strength interlayers may trigger excessive (or even unbounded) localized shear deformations (flow failure mechanism). In this paper, numerical modeling is employed in order to investigate the influence of permeability and the spatial variation thereof on liquefaction-induced shear deformations. The involved response characteristics are numerically simulated using a fully coupled two-phase (solid–fluid) Finite Element program.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Adalier, K. (1992). “Post-liquefaction behavior of soil systems.” MS thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.
Ambraseys, N., and Sarma, S.(1969). “Liquefaction of soils induced by earthquakes.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 59(2), 651–664.
Arulanandan, K., and Scott, R. F., eds. (1993). “Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems.” Proc., Conf., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 1.
Arulanandan, K. and Scott, R. F., eds. (1994). “Verification of numerical procedures for the analysis of soil liquefaction problems.” Proc., Conf., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 2.
Arulanandan, K., Yogachandran, C., Muraleetharan, K. K., Kutter, B. L., and Chang, G. S. (1988). “Laboratory flow slide during earthquake simulation.” Proc., Centrifuge 88, Corte, J.-F., ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 539–544.
Arulmoli, K., Muraleetharan, K. K., Hossain, M. M., and Fruth, L. S. (1992). “VELACS: verification of liquefaction analyses by centrifuge studies.” Laboratory Testing Program, Soil Data Rep. No. 90-0562, The Earth Technology Corporation, Irvine, Calif.
Balakrishnan, A., and Kutter, B. L.(1999). “Settlement, sliding, and liquefaction remediation of layered soil,” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(11), 968–978.
Balakrishnan, A., Kutter, B. L., and Idriss, I. M. (1997). “Liquefaction remediation at bridge sites—centrifuge data report for BAM05.” Rep. No. UCD/CGMDR-97/10, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, Univ. of California, Davis, Calif.
Bardet, J. P., Oka, F., Sugito, M., and Yashima, A. (1995). “The Great Hanshin Earthquake disaster.” Preliminary Investigation Rep., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles.
Berrill, J. B., Christensen, R. J., Keenan, R. J., Okada, W., and Pettinga, J. R. (1997). “Lateral spreading loads on a piled bridge foundation.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 173–183.
Biot, M. A.(1962). “The mechanics of deformation and acoustic propagation in porous media.” J. Appl. Phys., 33(4), 1482–1498.
Bouckovalas, G. D., Gazetas, G., and Papadimitriou, A. G. (1999). “Geotechnical aspects of the 1995 Aegion, Greece, Earthquake.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 739–748.
Casagrande, A.(1936). “Characteristics of cohesionless soils affecting the stability of earth fills.” J. Boston Soc. Civ. Eng., January, 13-33.
Casagrande, A. (1975). “Liquefaction and cyclic deformation of sands—a critical review.” Proc., 5th Pan-American Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Chan, A. H. C. (1988). “A unified finite element solution to static and dynamic problems in geomechanics.” PhD dissertation, U. College of Swansea, U.K.
Davis, C. A., and Bardet, J. P.(1996). “Performance of two reservoirs during 1994 Northridge earthquake.” J. Geotech. Eng., 122(8), 613–622.
Dewoolkar, M. M., Ko, H.-Y., Stadler, A. T., and Astaneh, S. M. F.(1999). “A substitute pore fluid for seismic centrifuge modeling.” Geotech. Test. J., 22(3), 196–210.
Dobry, R., and Abdoun, T. (1998). “Post-triggering response of liquefied sand in the free field and near foundations.” Proc., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics III, P. Dakoulas, M. Yegian, and R. D. Holtz. eds., Geotechnical Special Publication No. 75, ASCE, Reston, Va., 270–300.
Dobry, R., Taboada, V., and Liu, L. (1995). “Centrifuge modeling of liquefaction effects during earthquakes.” Keynote Lecture, Proc., 1st Int. Conf. On Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, K. Ishihara, ed., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 3, 1291–1324.
Elgamal, A.-W., Dobry, R., and Adalier, K. (1989). “Study of effects of clay layers on liquefaction of sand deposits using small-scale models.” Proc., 2nd US–Japan Workshop on Liquefaction, Large Ground Deformation and their Effects on Lifelines, T. D. O’Rourke and M. Hamada, eds., National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, N.Y. 145–160.
Fiegel, G. L., and Kutter, B. L.(1992). “Liquefaction mechanism for layered soil.” J. Geotech. Eng., 120(4), 737–755.
Harder, L. F., and Stewart, J. P.(1996). “Failure of Tapo Canyon Tailings Dam.” J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 10(3), 109–114.
Hill, R. (1950). The mathematical theory of plasticity, Oxford Univ. Press, London.
Housner, G. W.(1958). “The mechanism of sandblows.” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 48(April), 155–161.
Iai, S. (1991). “A strain space multiple mechanism model for cyclic behavior of sand and its application.” Earthquake Engineering Research Rep. No. 43, Port and Harbor Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Japan.
Ishihara, K. (1984). “Post-earthquake failure of a tailings dam due to liquefaction of the pond deposit.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, Univ. of Missouri-Rolla, St. Louis, 1129–1143.
Ishihara, K. (1985). “Stability of natural deposits during earthquakes.” Theme Lecture, Proc., 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco, 321–376.
Ishihara, K., Haeri, S. M., Moinfar, A. A., Towhata, I., and Tsujino, S.(1992). “Geotechnical aspects of the June 20, 1990 Manjil Earthquake in Iran.” Soils Found., 32(3), 61–78.
Ishihara, K., Okusa, S., Oyagi, N., and Ischuk, A.(1990). “Liquefaction-induced flow slide in the collapsible loess deposit in soviet tajik.” Soils Found., 30(4), 73–89.
Iwan, W. D.(1967). “On a class of models for the yielding behavior of continuous and composite systems.” J. Appl. Mech., 34, 612–617.
Japanese Geotechnical Society. (1996). “Special issue on geotechnical aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake.” Soils Found. (Special issue), 36(1), 1–359.
Japanese Geotechnical Society. (1998). “Special issue on geotechnical aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken–Nanbu Earthquake, No. 2.” Soils Found. (Special issue), 38(2), 1–216.
Kimura, T., Kusakabe, O., and Takemura, J., eds. (1998). “Centrifuge 98.” Proc., Int. Conf. Centrifuge 98, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Vol. 1.
Kokusho, T.(1999). “Water film in liquefied sand and its effect on lateral spread.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 125(10), 817–826.
Kokusho, T., Kojima, T., and Nonaka, N. (1999). “Emergence of water film in liquefied sand and its role in lateral flow.” Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, (CD-Rom), Auckland, New Zealand.
Kramer, S. L. (1996). Geotechnical earthquake engineering, Prentice–Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
Kramer, S., and Arduino, P. (1999). “Constitutive modeling of cyclic mobility and implications for site response.” Proc., 2nd Int. Conf. on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 1029–1034.
Lacy, S. (1986). “Numerical procedures for nonlinear transient analysis of two-phase soil system.” PhD dissertation, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J.
Lambe, T. W., and Whitman, R. V. (1969). Soil mechanics, Wiley, New York.
Liu, H., and Qiao, T. (1984). “Liquefaction potential of saturated sand deposits underlying foundation of structure.” Proc., 8th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, San Francisco, 199–206.
Mroz, Z.(1967). “On the description of anisotropic work hardening.” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 15, 163–175.
National Research Council (1985). “Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes.” Rep. by the Committee on Earthquake Engineering, National Research Council, National Academy Press.
Parra, E. (1996). “Numerical modeling of liquefaction and lateral ground deformation including cyclic mobility and dilation response in soil systems.” PhD thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.
Prevost, J. H.(1985). “A simple plasticity theory for frictional cohesionless soils.” Soil Dyn. Earthquake Eng., 4(1), 9–17.
Ragheb, A. (1994). “Numerical analysis of seismically induced deformations in saturated granular soil strata.” PhD thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.
Scott, R. F., and Zuckerman, K. A. (1972). “Sandblows and liquefaction.” The great Alaska earthquake of 1964-engineering publication 1606, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 179–189.
Seed, H. B.(1987). “Design problems in soil liquefaction.” J. Geotech. Eng., 113(8), 827–845.
Seed, R. B., Dickenson, S. E., Riemer, M. F., Bray, J. D., Sitar, N., Mitchell, J. K., Idriss, I. M., Kayen, R. E., Kropp, A., Hander, L. F. Jr., and Power, M. S. (1990). “Preliminary report on the principal geotechnical aspects of the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta Earthquake.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-90/05, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Seed, H. B., and Idriss, I. M. (1982). “Ground motions and soil liquefaction during earthquakes.” Earthquake Engineering Research Center Monograph, EERI, Berkeley, Calif.
Seed, H. B., Lee, K. L., Idriss, I. M., and Makdisi, F. I.(1975). “The slides on the San Fernando Dams during the earthquake of February 9, 1971.” J. Geotech. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 101(7), 651–688.
Seed, H. B., Seed, R. B., Harder, L. F., and Jong, H. L. (1989). “Reevaluation of the slide in the Lower San Fernando Dam in the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-88/04, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Sitar, N., ed. (1995). “Geotechnical reconnaissance of the effects of the January 17, 1995, Hyogoken-Nanbu Earthquake Japan.” Rep. No. UCB/EERC-95/01, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif.
Taboada, V. M. (1995). “Centrifuge modeling of earthquake-induced lateral spreading in sand using a laminar box.” PhD thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.
Tan, T. S., and Scott, R. F.(1985). “Centrifuge scaling considerations for fluid-particle systems.” Geotechnique, 35(4), 461–470.
Vaid, Y. P., and Sivathayalan, S. (1999). “Fundamental factors affecting liquefaction susceptibility of sands.” Physics and mechanics of soil liquefaction, P. Lade and J. Yamamuro, eds., Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 105–120.
Vaid, Y. P., and Thomas, J.(1995). “Liquefaction and postliquefaction behavior of sand.” J. Geotech. Eng., 121(2), 163–173.
Yang, Z. (2000). “Numerical modeling of earthquake site response including dilation and liquefaction.” PhD dissertation, Columbia Univ., New York.
Youd, T. L., and Idriss, I. M. (1997). “Proceedings of the NCEER work-shop on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils.” Rep. No. NCEER 97-0022, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, N.Y.
Youd, T. L., and Idriss, I. M.(2001). “Liquefaction resistance of soils: summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 127(4), 297–313.
Zeng, X., and Arulanandan, K.(1995). “Modeling lateral sliding of slope due to liquefaction of sand layer.” J. Geotech. Eng., 121(11), 814–816.
Zienkiewicz, O. C., Chan, A. H. C., Pastor, M., Paul, D. K., and Shiomi, T.(1990). “Static and dynamic behavior of soils: a rational approach to quantitative solutions: I. fully saturated problems.” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 429, 285–309.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Volume 128 • Issue 7 • July 2002
Pages: 720 - 729
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 18, 2000
Accepted: Oct 15, 2001
Published online: Jun 14, 2002
Published in print: Jul 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.