Full-Flowing Collection Conduits with Nonuniform Inflow
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 133, Issue 6
Abstract
Collection conduits flowing full with nonuniform inflow (variable rate of increase in flow with distance along the conduit length) include well screens (vertical and directionally drilled); submerged effluent collectors; and certain types of inboard weir configurations for settling tanks. Certain subsurface drains used in environmental engineering applications and civil engineering more generally may be inadvertently designed for full-flowing conditions. Formulation of the problem for such collection conduits is presented in terms of the applicable differential equation, slope invariance, the frictionless solution for a general cross section, a uniform-inflow solution, and the difference formulation. The importance of checking inflow uniformity is discussed and exemplified. Dimensional analysis is then employed to demonstrate the relationship between variables, leading to a new generalized numerical solution. That solution is presented in a graphical form which provides further useful display of the relationships between variables and quantitative information for design and analysis. The detrimental effects of flowing-full conditions in subsurface drains is demonstrated, and it is noted that existing design methods may unintentionally cause such conditions to occur.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
The writer thanks Matthew D. Cyr, MSc Candidate, Groundwater Group, Civil Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON. In the course of advising Mr. Cyr in connection with his MSc thesis on a related subject, Mr. Cyr helped inspire this paper's preparation, brought useful references to the writer's attention, and graciously provided helpful review and comment. The writer also thanks the ASCE reviewers for constructive comments that helped improve the quality of the paper.
References
AASHTO. (2000). Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. Part I—Specifications, Washington, D.C.
ASCE. (1998). “Urban subsurface drainage manual.” Manual of practice No. 95, ASCE, Reston, Va.
ASCE. (2006). “Standard guidelines for the design of urban subsurface drainage.” ASCE/EWRI Standard 12-05, Reston, Va.
ASTM. (2002). “Standard specification for vitrified clay pipe, extra strength, standard strength, and perforated.” ASTM Designation C700-02, West Conshohocken, Pa.
ASTM. (2003). “Test method for determining the (in-plane) flow rate per unit width and hydraulic transmissivity of a geosynthetic using a constant head.” ASTM Designation D4716-03, West Conshohocken, Pa.
Blaisdell, F. W., Manson, P. W., Kesavarao, Y., and Yalamanchili, A. M. (1968). “Discussion of ‘Hydraulics of spatially varied pipe flow’ by W. W. Hu.” J. Hydr. Div., 94(4), 1168–1171.
Bureau of Reclamation. (1993). Drainage manual, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Water Resources Division, Washington, D.C.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1968). “Dispersion conduits.” J. Sanit. Engrg. Div., 94(1), 31–39.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1969). “Closure to ‘Dispersion conduits’ by T. R. Camp and S. D. Graber.” J. Sanit. Engrg. Div., 95(5), 943–947.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1970). “Discussion of ‘Internal hydraulics of thermal discharge diffusers’ by S. Vigander, R. A. Elder, and N. H. Brooks.” J. Hydr. Div., 96(12), 2631–2635.
Camp, T. R., and Graber, S. D. (1972). “Discussion of ‘Manifold flow in subirrigation pipes’ by E. Zsák.” J. Hydr. Div., 98(4), 728–732.
Cooley, R. L., and Cunningham, A. B. (1979). “Consideration of total energy loss in theory of flow to wells.” J. Hydrol., 43, 161–184.
Garg, S. P., and Lal, J. (1971). “Rational design of well screens.” J. Irrig. and Drain. Div., 97(1), 131–147.
Graber, S. D. (1974). “Outlet weir loadings for settling tanks.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 46(10), 2355–2362.
Graber, S. D. (2004a). “Collection conduits including subsurface drains.” J. Environ. Eng., 130(1), 67–80.
Graber, S. D. (2004b). “Concepts of spatially varied flow.” Proc., HT-FED04, 2004 ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conf., Charlotte, N.C., HT-FED2004-56069.
Graber, S. D. (2004c). “Difference formulation and slope invariance in spatially varied free surface flow.” Proc., HT-FED04, 2004 ASME Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conf., Charlotte, N.C., HT-FED2004-56068.
Graber, S. D. (2005). “Discussion of ‘Computational study of particle-eddy interaction in sedimentation tanks’ by S. Jayanti and S. Narayanan.” J. Environ. Eng., 131(6), 994.
Graber, S. D. (2007). “Hydraulic considerations in geosynthetic and aggregate subsurface drains.” J. Environ. Eng., 133, in review.
Lutge, T. V. (1969). “Hydraulic control utilizing submerged effluent collectors.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 41(8), 1451–1455.
Manson, P. W., and Blaisdell, F. W. (1966). “Computing energy losses at draintile junctions.” Trans. ASAE, 9(3), 445–448.
Petersen, J. S., Rohwer, C., and Albertson, M. L. (1955). “Effect of well screens on flow into wells.” Trans. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 120, 563–585.
Soil Conservation Service (SCS). (1971). National engineering handbook. Section 16: Drainage of agriculture land, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
Tarshish, M. (1992). “Combined mathematical model of flow in an aquifer-horizontal well system.” Ground Water, 30(6), 931–935.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA). (1973). Drainage of agriculture land, Soil Conservation Service, Water Information Center, Washington, D.C.
Water Environment Federation and American Society of Civil Engineers (WEF/ASCE). (1998). Design of municipal wastewater treatment plants: Manual of practice No. 76, Alexandria, Va., and Reston, Va., 10-10–10-15 and 11-106–11-112.
Yen, B. C. (1992). “Dimensionally homogeneous Manning’s formula.” J. Hydraul. Eng., 118(9), 1326–1332.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 133 • Issue 6 • June 2007
Pages: 575 - 580
Copyright
© 2007 ASCE.
History
Received: Aug 17, 2006
Accepted: Nov 16, 2006
Published online: Jun 1, 2007
Published in print: Jun 2007
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.