Deterministic-Based Model of Slow Sand Filtration. II: Model Application
This article is a reply.
VIEW THE ORIGINAL ARTICLEThis article has a reply.
VIEW THE REPLYPublication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 8
Abstract
This paper describes the use of a deterministic slow sand filter process model to investigate and assess some of the fundamental aspects and mechanisms operating during slow sand filtration (SSF). These include the role of the schmutzdecke, biomass development, and the initial condition of the filter, to the overall process performance. The SSF process model has been developed recently and is described in a companion paper by Campos et al., in 2006. It attempts to provide a simulation of the physicochemical and biological processes responsible for the filtration mechanisms operating in SSF. The simulation of filter runs has been carried out with the help of extensive pilot plant data provided by Thames Water Utilities Ltd., involving both uncovered and covered filter beds. The results demonstrate that the presence and nature of a schmutzdecke layer profoundly influence the spatial and temporal development of interstitial biomass within the sand and, consequently, the headloss profile. Microbial interactions in the filter bed play a fundamental role in the process and are involved in setting the pattern and magnitude of headloss development. The model also demonstrates the significance of residual deposits within the filter after surface cleaning, on the subsequent filter behavior.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
Thames Water Utilities Ltd is acknowledged for providing the extensive data from the pilot plant at Kempton Park, and the writers are particularly grateful for the assistance of Dr. Michael Chipps. Dr. L. C. Campos was supported by the Fundação Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) and the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil.
References
Barrett, J. M., Bryck, J., Collins, M. R., Janonis, B. A., and Logsdon, G. S. (1991). Manual of design for slow sand filtration, D. Hendricks, ed., AWWA Research Foundation, Denver.
Barrett, J. M., and Silverstein, J. (1988). “The effects of high-carbon and high-coliform feedwaters on the performance of slow sand filters under tropical conditions.” Slow sand filtration: Recent developments in water treatment technology, N. J. D. Graham, ed., Ellis Horwood Ltd., London, 231–251.
Campos, L. C., Smith, S. R., and Graham, N. J. D. (2006). “Deterministic-based model of slow sand filtration. I: Model development.” J. Environ. Eng., 132(8), 872–886.
Campos, L. C., Su, M. F. J., Graham, N. J. D., and Smith, S. R. (2002). “Biomass development in slow sand filters.” Water Res., 36(18), 4543–4551.
Duncan, A. (1988). “The ecology of slow sand filters.” Slow sand filtration: Recent developments in water treatment technology, N. J. D. Graham, ed., Ellis Horwood Ltd., London, 281–304.
Eighmy, T. T., Collins, M. R., Spanos, S. K., and Fenstermacher, J. (1992). “Microbial population activities and carbon metabolism in slow sand filters.” Water Res., 26(10), 1319–1328.
Eighmy, T. T., Spanos, S. K., Royce, J., Collins, M. R., and Malley, J. P. (1994). “Microbial activity in slow sand filters.” Slow sand filtration, M. R. Collins and N. D. J. Graham, eds., AWWA, Denver, 218–240.
Fox, D. M., and Cleasby, J. (1966). “Experimental evaluation of sand filtration theory.” J. Sanit. Eng. Div., Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 92(SA5), 61–82.
Goddard, M. R. (1980). “The ecology of protozoan populations of slow sand filters with particular reference to the ciliates.” Ph.D. thesis, Royal Holloway College, Univ. of London, London.
Graham, N. J. D. (1999). “Removal of humic substances by oxidation/biofiltration processes—A review.” Water Sci. Technol., 40(9), 141–148.
Graham, N. J. D., Rachwal, A. J., Colbourne, J. S., and Collins, M. R. (1994). “Research needs: A review.” Slow sand filtration, M. R. Collins and N. D. J. Graham, eds., American Water Works Association, Denver, 293–303.
Hirschi, S. D., and Sims, R. C. (1991). “Particles and microorganisms in slow rate sand filtration.” Proc., Int. Slow Sand Filtration Workshop,
Huisman, L., and Wood, W. E. (1974). Slow sand filtration, M. R. Collins and N. D. J. Graham, eds., American Water Works Association, Denver.
Ives, K. J. (1960). “Rational design of filters.” Proc. Inst. of Civ. Eng. (UK), 16, 189–193.
Ives, K. J. (1980). “Deep bed filtration: Theory and practice.” Filtr. Sep. 17(2), 157–160, 162–166.
Lodge, D. V. (1979). “An ecological study of the meiofauna of slow sand filters, with particular reference to the oligochaetes.” Ph.D. thesis, Royal Holloway College, Univ. of London, London.
Nakamoto, N., Yamamoto, M., Sakai, M., Nozaki, K., Iwase, N., Yasuda, M., and Kitada, T. (1996). “Role of filamentous diatom as an automatic purifier in a slow sand filter.” Advances in slow sand and alternative biological filtration, N. J. D. Graham and R. Collins, eds., Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 139–148.
Ojha, C. S. P., and Graham, N. J. D. (1996a). “Modelling the role of the schmutzdecke layer in slow sand filtration.” Advances in slow sand and alternative biological filtration, N. J. D. Graham and R. Collins, eds., Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 276–286.
Ojha, C. S. P., and Graham, N. J. D. (1996b). “Numerical assessment of microbial interactions in slow sand filtration modelling.” Advances in slow sand and alternative biological filtration, N. J. D. Graham and R. Collins, eds., Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 287–310 .
Page, T. G., Collins, M. R., Bauer, M. J., and Rachwal, A. J. (1996). “NOM removals by GAC sandwich modification to slow sand filtration.” Slow sand filtration: Recent developments in water treatment technology, N. J. D. Graham, ed., Ellis Horwood, Chichester, U.K., 268–276.
Yordanov, R. V., Lamb, A. J., Melvin, M. A. L., and Littlejohn, J. (1996). “Biomass characteristics of slow sand filters receiving ozonated water.” Advances in slow sand and alternative biological filtration, N. J. D. Graham and R. Collins, eds., Wiley, Chichester, U.K., 107–118.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 8 • August 2006
Pages: 887 - 894
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Oct 7, 2004
Accepted: Aug 26, 2005
Published online: Aug 1, 2006
Published in print: Aug 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.