Quantitative Model of Coagulation with Inorganic Polymer Flocculant PACl: Application of the PCNM
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 132, Issue 5
Abstract
In this paper, a quantitative model of coagulation with inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) was investigated, using polyauminum chloride (PACl) as an example. Application of a modified precipitation charge-neutralization model (M-PCNM) was examined and discussed, including variation of dose, pH, and value on the resulting coagulation diagram. The model was modified by using measured Al fractions as model inputs. The experimental results show that there exists a remarkable difference in coagulation with various PACl formulations in accordance with the different species being preformed. This indicates that the assumption of all the surface species consisting of the same aluminum hydroxide solids is not correct, and some modification of the PCNM is therefore needed. By invoking different final hydroxide precipitates, the M-PCNM can be used quite well to predict the general behavior of coagulation with IPF-PACl.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
During preparation of the manuscript, the kind comments and suggestions from Dr. S. K. Dentel of the University of Delaware were greatly appreciated. We are very grateful for the kind comments and inspiring suggestions of the anonymous reviewers. This research was supported by the China NSF 50078051 and 863 Safe Water Program, under 2002AA601140 and 2002AA601120.
References
Amirtharajah, A., and Mills, K. J. (1982). “Rapid-mix design for mechanisms of alum coagulation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74(4), 210–216.
Black, A. P., and Chen, C. (1965). “Electrophoretic studies of coagulation-flocculation of river sediment suspensions with aluminum sulfate.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 57(3), 354.
Ching, H. W., Tanaka, T. S., and Elimelech, M. (1994). “Dynamics of coagulation of kaolin with ferric chloride.” Water Res., 28(3), 559–569.
Dentel, S. K. (1988). “Application of the precipitation-charge neutralization model of coagulation.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 22(7), 825–832.
Dentel, S. K. (1991). “Coagulant control in water treatment.” CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control, 21(1), 41–135.
Dentel, S. K., and Gossett, S. (1988). “Mechanism of coagulation with hydrolyzed aluminum.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 81(4), 187–198.
Edwards, M. (1997). “Predicting DOC removal during enhanced coagulation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 89(5), 78–86.
Hall, E. S. (1966). “Electrophoretic study of dispersions of clay in hydrolyzed aluminum solutions.” Discuss. Faraday Soc., 42, 197.
Hsu, P. H., and Cao, D. (1990). “Effect of acidity and hydroxylamine on the determination of aluminum with ferron.” Soil Sci., 152(3), 210–219.
James, R. O., et al. (1977). “Charge reversal coagulation of colloidal dispersions by hydrolyzable metal ions.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 59(2), 381–385.
Johnson, P. N., and Amirtharajah, A. (1983). “Ferric chloride and alum as dual coagulants.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 75(5), 232–239.
Katz, L. E., and Hayes, K. F. (1995a). “Surface complexation modelling. I: Strategy for modeling monomer complex formation at moderate surface coverage.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 170, 477–490.
Katz, L. E., and Hayes, K. F. (1995b). “Surface complexation modeling. II: Strategy for modeling polymer and precipitation reactions at high surface coverage.” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 170, 491–501.
Letterman, R. D., and Iyer, D. R. (1985). “Modeling the effects of hydrolyzed aluminum and solution chemistry on flocculation kinetics.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 19(8), 673–681.
Letterman, R. D., Vanderbrook, S. G., and Scricharoenchaikit, P. (1982). “Electrophoretic mobility measurements in coagulation with aluminum salts.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74(1), 44–51.
Parathasarathy, N., and Buffle, J. (1985). “Study of polymeric aluminum(III) hydroxide solutions for application in waste water treatment.” Water Res., 19, 25–36.
Solomentseva, I. M., Gerasimenko, N. G., and Barany, S. (1999). “Surface properties and aggregation of basic aluminum chloride hydrolysis products.” Colloids Surf., B, 151, 113–126.
Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J. (1962). “Chemical aspects of coagulation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 54, 971–994.
Stumm, W., and O’Melia, C. R. (1968). “Stoichiometry of coagulation.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 60, 514–539.
Tang, H. X. (1965). “The colloid-chemical aspects for mechanism of turbid water coagulation with alum.” J. Civ. Engng., 1, 45–54 (in Chinese).
Tang, H. X. (1990). “The scientific basis for inorganic polymer flocculant.” Envir. Chem., 10, 1–12 (in Chinese).
Tang, H. X., and Luan, Z. K. (1996). “The difference in behavior and coagulation mechanism between inorganic polymer flocculants and traditional coagulants.” Proc., Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment V, H. H. Hahn, ed., Springer, Berlin.
Tang, H. X., and Stumm, W. (1987). “The coagulation behavior of Fe(III) polymeric species. I, II.” Water Res., 21, 123–128.
Tseng, T., and Edwards, M. (1999). “Predicting full-scale TOC removal.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 91(4), 159–170.
Wang, D. S., and Gregory, J. (2001). “Mechanism of coagulation of kaolin with polyaluminum chloride: An investigation by using turbidity fluctuation monitoring.” Proc., 76th ACS Colloidal and Interface Sci-ence Symp., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
Wang, D. S., and Tang, H. X. (2001). “Modified IPF-PFSi: Its preparation, characterization, and coagulation behavior.” Water Res., 35(14), 3418–3428.
Wang, D. S., Tang, H. X., and Cao, F. C. (2000). “Particle speciation analysis of inorganic polymer flocculants: An examination by PCS.” Colloids Surf., B, 166, 27–32.
Wang, D. S., Tang, H. X., and Gregory, J. (2002). “Relative importance of charge-neutralization and precipitation during coagulation with IPF-PACl: Effect of sulfate.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 36(8),1815–1820.
Wang, Z. S. (1988). “Quantitative model for filtration.” Acta Scientiae Circums., 8(2), 158–163 (in Chinese).
Van Benschoten, J. E., and Edzwald, J. K. (1990). “Chemical aspects of coagulation using aluminum salts. I. Hydrolytic reactions of aluminum and polyaluminum chloride.” Water Res., 24(12), 1519.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 132 • Issue 5 • May 2006
Pages: 434 - 441
Copyright
© 2006 ASCE.
History
Received: Oct 27, 2003
Accepted: Nov 3, 2005
Published online: May 1, 2006
Published in print: May 2006
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.