Characteristics of Potassium Permanganate Encapsulated in Polymer
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 131, Issue 8
Abstract
Potassium permanganate was encapsulated in various polymers to create microcapsules with slow-release properties. Batch tests were conducted to evaluate the rates at which the microcapsules release permanganate. The release histories of 18 different polymer formulations varied strongly, but average initial release rate was released g , and the release rate typically decreased with time. The total duration of release ranged from , with an average of . In other batch tests trichloroethene (TCE) was degraded to below detectable amounts by the microcapsules. The degradation rate for TCE was three to four times faster during the initial reaction period than predicted based on permanganate release rates. There appear to be several promising environmental applications for this method of creating a slow-release oxidant.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Acknowledgments
This investigation was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant No. NSFEAR 9876124 and the Department of Energy Contract No. DOEDE-AC05-96OR22464/62X-SU205V. The writers greatly appreciate that support. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation or the Department of Energy. The writers thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments. The writers appreciate the help of Neal Vail of SWRI during the fabrication of the microcapsules.
References
Carlson, K. H., and Knocke, W. R. (1999). “Modeling manganese oxidation with for drinking water treatment.” J. Environ. Eng., 125(10), 892–896.
Carus Chemical Company. (2000). Material safety data sheet—Cairox® potassium permanganate, (Form # CX 1028), Peru, Ill.
Cherry, A. K. (1962). “Use of potassium permanganate in water treatment.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 54(4), 417–424.
Cline, S. R., et al. (1997). “Potassium permanganate chemical oxidation and deep soil mixing for soil treatment.” Geotech. News, 15(5), 25–28.
Colthurst, J. M., and Singer, P. C. (1982). “Removing trihalomethane precursors by permanganate oxidation and manganese dioxide adsorption.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 74, 78–83.
Crimi, M. L., and Siegrist, R. L. (2003). “Geochemical effects on metals following permanganate oxidation of DNAPLs.” Ground Water, 41(4), 458–469.
Cussler, E. L. (1997). Diffusion: Mass transfer in fluid systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Desai, S. J., Simonelli, A. P., and Higuchi, W. I. (1965). “Investigation of factors influencing release of solid drug dispersed in inert matrices.” J. Pharm. Sci., 54(10), 1459–1464.
Drescher, E., Gavaskar, A. R., Sass, B. M., Cumming, L. J., Drescher, M. J., and Williamson, T. K. J. (1998). “Batch and column testing to evaluate chemical oxidation of DNAPL source zones.” The1st Int. Conf. on Remediation and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif.
Fernandez, J., Dhananjeyan, M. R., Kiwi, J., Senuma, Y., and Hilborn, J. (2000). “Evidence for Fenton photoassisted processes mediated by encapsulated Fe ions at biocompatible pH values.” J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 5298–5301.
Gates-Anderson, D. D., Siegrist, R. L., and Cline, S. R. (2001). “Comparison of potassium permanganate and hydrogen peroxide as chemical oxidants for organically contaminated soils.” J. Environ. Eng., 127(4), 337–347.
Gossett, J. M. (1987). “Measurement of Henry’s law constants for and chlorinated hydrocarbons.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 21(12), 202–208.
Huang, K., Hoag, G. E., Chheda, P., Woody, B. A., and Dobbs, G. M. (1999). “Kinetic study of oxidation of trichloroethylene by potassium permanganate.” Environ. Eng. Sci., 16(4), 265–274.
Kydonieus, A. F. (1980). Controlled release technologies: Methods, theory, and applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
LaGrega, M. D., Buckingham, P. L., and Evans, J. C. (1994). Hazardous waste management, McGraw-Hill, New York.
McClave, J. T., and Dietrich, F. H. (1991). Statistics, Dellen, San Francisco.
McKay, D., Hewitt, A., Reitsma, S., LaChance, J., and Baker, R. (1998). “In situ oxidation of trichloroethylene using potassium permanganate: Part 2. Pilot study.” The1st Int. Conf. on Remediation and Recalcitrant Compounds, Monterey, Calif.
Moslemy, P., Neufeld, R. J., and Guiot, S. R. (2002). “Biodegradation of gasoline by gellan gum-encapsulated bacterial cells.” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 80(2), 175–184.
Murdoch, L. C., Slack, W., Siegrist, R. L., Vesper, S., and Meiggs, T. (1997). “Advanced hydraulic fracturing methods to create in situ reactive barriers.” Proc., Int. Containment Technology Conf. and Exhibition, St. Petersburg, Fla.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). (1997). “In situ chemical oxidation through recirculation at the X-701B site.” Oak Ridge National Laboratory Publication No. 4727.
Pothakamury, U. R., and Barbosa-Cánovas, G. V. (1995). “Fundamental aspects of controlled release in foods.” Trends Food Sci. Technol., 6, 397–406.
Ross, C. M. (2001). “The characteristics of potassium permanganate encapsulated in polymer.” MS thesis, Clemson University, Clemson, S.C.
Rust, C. M., Aelion, C. M., and Flora, J. R. V. (2000). “Control of pH during denitrification in subsurface sediment microcosms using encapsulated phosphate buffer.” Water Res., 34(5), 1447–1454.
Rust, C. M., Aelion, C. M., and Flora, J. R. V. (2002). “Laboratory sand column study of encapsulated buffer release for potential in situ pH control.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 54, 81–98.
Schnarr, M., Truax, C., Farquhar, G., Hood, E., Gonullu, T., and Stickney, B. (1998). “Laboratory and controlled field experiments using potassium permanganate to remediate trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene DNAPLs in porous media.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 29, 205–224.
Schroth, M. H., Oostrom, M., Wietsma, T. W., and Istok, J. D. (2001). “In-situ oxidation of trichloroethene by permanganate: Effects on porous medium hydraulic properties.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 50, 79–98.
Siegrist, R. L., Lowe, K. S., Murdoch, L. C., Case, T. L., and Pickering, D. A. (1999). “In situ oxidation by fracture emplaced reactive solids.” J. Environ. Eng., 125(5), 429–440.
Siegrist, R. L., Urynowicz, M. A., West, O. R., Crimi, M. L., and Lowe, K. S. (2001). Principles and practices of in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate, Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, 5–6, 85–93.
Snoeyink, V. L. (1990). “Adsorption of organic chemicals.” Water quality and treatment, F. W. Pontius, ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 781–876.
Vella, P. A., Deshinsky, G., Boll, J. E., Munder, J., and Joyce, W. M. (1990). “Treatment of low level phenols with potassium permanganate.” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 62(7), 907–914.
Vella, P. A., and Veronda, B. (1992). “Oxidation of trichloroethylene: A comparison of potassium permanganate and Fenton’s Reagent.” The First Int. Symposium for Chemical Oxidation: Technologies for the Nineties, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa., 62–73.
Verce, M. F., Ulrich, R. L., and Freedman, D. L. (2000). “Characterization of an isolate that uses vinyl chloride as a growth substrate under aerobic conditions.” Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(8), 3535–3542.
Vesper, S., Murdoch, L. C., Hayes, S., and Davis-Hoover, W. (1994). “Slow-release oxygen sources for bio-remediation in soils.” J. Hazard. Mater., 36, 265–274.
Walton, J., Labine, P., and Reidies, A. (1991). “The chemistry of permanganate in degradative oxidations.” The 1st Int. Symposium for Chemical Oxidation: Technologies for the Nineties, Technomic Publishing, Lancaster, Pa., 205–221.
Weast, R. C. (1987). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.
Yan, Y. E., and Schwartz, F. W. (1998). “Oxidative degradation and kinetics of chlorinated ethylenes by potassium permanganate.” J. Contam. Hydrol., 37, 343–365.
Yan, Y. E., and Schwartz, F. W. (2000). “Kinetics and mechanisms for TCE oxidation by permanganate.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 2535–2541.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 131 • Issue 8 • August 2005
Pages: 1203 - 1211
Copyright
© 2005 ASCE.
History
Received: May 20, 2004
Accepted: Nov 29, 2004
Published online: Aug 1, 2005
Published in print: Aug 2005
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.