Membrane Fouling in Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 128, Issue 11
Abstract
Membrane bioreactors (MBRs), in which membranes are applied to biological wastewater treatment for biomass separation, provide many advantages over conventional treatment. However, membrane fouling in MBRs restricts their widespread application because it reduces productivity and increases maintenance and operating costs. Recently much research and development has taken place to investigate, model, and control membrane fouling processes. However, unified and well-structured theories on membrane fouling are not currently available because of the complexity of the biomass matrix, which is highly heterogeneous and includes living microorganisms. Membrane fouling in MBR systems can be reversible (i.e., removable by physical washing) or irreversible (removable by chemical cleaning only), and can take place on the membrane surface or into the membrane pores. Although establishing a general model to describe membrane fouling in such a process is made extremely difficult by the inherent heterogeneity of the system, the nature and extent of fouling in MBRs is strongly influenced by three factors: biomass characteristics, operating conditions, and membrane characteristics. Fouling control techniques which have been investigated include low-flux operation, high-shear slug flow aeration in submerged configuration, periodical air or permeate backflushing, intermittent suction operation or addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Of these, only PAC addition is currently not used in existing large-scale installations.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ahn, K. H., Song, J. H., and Cha, H. Y.(1998). “Application of tubular ceramic membranes for reuse of wastewater from buildings.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 373–382.
Ahn, K. H., and Song, K. G.(2000). “Application of microfiltration with a novel fouling control for reuse of wastewater from a large scale resort complex.” Desalination, 129, 207–216.
Al-Malack, M. H., and Anderson, G. K.(1997). “Use of crossflow microfiltration in wastewater treatment.” Water Res., 31, 3064–3072.
Anderson, G. K., Kasapgil, B., and Ince, O.(1996). “Microbial kinetics of a membrane anaerobic reactor system.” Environ. Technol., 17, 449–464.
Bailey, A. D., Hansford, G. S., and Dold, P. L.(1994). “The use of cross-flow microfiltration to enhance the performance of an activated-sludge reactor.” Water Res., 28(2), 297–301.
Baker, J. S., and Dudley, L.(1998). “Biofouling in membrane systems.” Desalination, 118, 81–90.
Baker, R. J., Fane, A. G., Fell, C. J. D., and Yoo, B. H.(1985). “Factors affecting flux in crossflow filtration.” Desalination, 53, 81–93.
Belfort, G., Davis, R. H., and Zydney, A. L.(1994). “The behavior of suspension and macromolecular solutions in crossflow microfiltration.” J. Membr. Sci., 96, 1–58.
Bouhabila, E. H., Aim, R. Ben, and Buisson, H.(1998). “Microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling.” Desalination, 118, 315–322.
Bouhabila, E. H., Aim, R. Ben, and Buisson, H.(2001). “Fouling characterisation in membrane bioreactors.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 22–23, 123–132.
Bowen, W. R., Calvo, J. I., and Hernandez, A.(1995). “Steps of membrane blocking in flux decline during protein microfiltration.” J. Membr. Sci., 101, 153–165.
Brindle, K., and Stephenson, T.(1996). “The application of membrane biological reactors for the treatment of wastewaters.” Biotechnol. Bioeng., 49, 601–610.
Brockmann, M., and Seyfried, C. F.(1996). “Sludge activity and crossflow microfiltration—A non beneficial relationship.” Water Sci. Technol., 34, 205–213.
Bura, R., Cheung, M., Liao, B., Finlayson, J., Lee, B. C., Droppo, I. G., Leppard, G. G., and Liss, S. N.(1998). “Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge matrix.” Water Sci. Technol., 37, 325–333.
Chang, I. S., Bag, S. O., and Lee, C. H.(2001a). “Effects of membrane fouling on solute rejection during membrane filtration of activated sludge.” Process Biochem., 36(8,9), 855–860.
Chang, I. S., Choo, K. H., Lee, C. H., Koh, J. H., Kim, S. W., Paik, U. H., and Koh, U. C.(1994). “Application of ceramic membrane as a pretreatment in anaerobic digestion of alcohol-distillery wastes.” J. Membr. Sci., 90, 131–139.
Chang, I. S., Gander, M., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.(2001c). “Low-cost membranes for use in a submerged MBR.” Process Saf. Envir. Prot., 79(3), 183–188.
Chang, I. S., and Judd, S.(2002). “Air sparging of a submerged MBR for municipal wastewater treatment.” Process Biochem., 37(8), 915–920.
Chang, I. S., Kim, J. S., and Lee, C. H. (2001b). “The effects of EPS on membrane fouling in a MBR process.” Proc., MBR3 Conf., Cranfield, 19–28.
Chang, I. S., and Lee, C. H.(1998). “Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane coupled activated sludge system—the effect of physiological states of activated sludge on membrane fouling.” Desalination, 120, 221–233.
Chang, I. S., Lee, C. H., and Ahn, K.-H.(1999). “Membrane filtration characteristics in membrane coupled activated sludge system: The effect of floc structure of activated sludge on membrane fouling.” Sep. Sci. Technol., 34, 1743–1758.
Chen, V., Fane, A. G., Madaeni, S., and Wenten, I. G.(1997). “Particle deposition during membrane filtration of colloids: Transition between concentration polarization and cake formation.” J. Membr. Sci., 125, 109–122.
Chiemchaisri, C., Wong, Y. K., Urase, T., and Yamamoto, K.(1992). “Organic stabilisation and nitrogen removal in membrane separation bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment.” Water Sci. Technol., 25, 231–240.
Chiemchaisri, C., and Yamamoto, K.(1993). “Biological nitrogen removal under low temperature in a membrane separation bioreactor.” Water Sci. Technol., 28, 325–333.
Chiemchaisri, C., Yamamoto, K., and Vigneswaran, S.(1993). “Household membrane bioreactor in domestic wastewater treatment.” Water Sci. Technol., 27, 171–178.
Cho, D., Fane, A. G., Ghayeni, S. B., Kim, K. J., and Parameshwaran, K. (1999). “Biological waste water treatment and membranes.” Proc., Membrane Technology in Environmental Management, Tokyo, 263–269.
Choo, K. H., and Lee, C. H.(1996a). “Membrane fouling mechanisms in the membrane coupled anaerobic bioreactor.” Water Res., 30, 1771–1780.
Choo, K. H., and Lee, C. H.(1996b). “Effect of anaerobic digestion broth composition on membrane permeability.” Water Sci. Technol., 34, 173–179.
Choo, K. H., and Lee, C. H.(1998). “Hydrodynamic behaviour of anaerobic biosolids during crossflow filtration in the membrane anaerobic bioreactor.” Water Res., 32, 3387–3397.
Choo, K. H., and Stensel, H. D.(2000). “Sequencing batch membrane reactor treatment: Nitrogen removal and membrane fouling evaluation.” Water Environ. Res., 72, 490–498.
Cicek, N., Dionysiou, D., Suidan, M. T., Ginestet, P., and Audic, J. M.(1999b). “Performance deterioration and structural change of a ceramic membrane bioreactor due to inorganic abrasion.” J. Membr. Sci., 163, 19–28.
Cicek, N., Franco, P., Suidan, M., and Urbain, V.(1998b). “Using a membrane bioreactor to reclaim wastewater.” J. AWWA, 90(11), 105–113.
Cicek, N., Franco, P., Suidan, M., Urbain, V., and Manem, J.(1999a). “Characterization and comparison of a membrane bioreactor and a conventional activated sludge system in the treatment of wastewater containing high molecular weight compounds.” Water Environ. Res., 71, 64–70.
Cicek, N., Winen, H., Suidan, M., Wrenn, B., Urbain, V., and Manem, J.(1998a). “Effectiveness of the membrane bioreactor in the biodegradation of high molecular weight compounds.” Water Res., 32, 1553–1563.
Cui, Z. F., Bellara, S. R., and Pomehood, P.(1997). “Airlift crossflow membrane filtration—a feasibility study with dextran ultrafiltration.” J. Membr. Sci., 128, 83–91.
Defrance, L., and Jaffrin, M. Y.(1999a). “Comparison between filtrations at fixed transmembrane pressure and fixed permeate flux: Application to a membrane bioreactor used for wastewater treatment.” J. Membr. Sci., 152, 203–210.
Defrance, L., and Jaffrin, M. Y.(1999b). “Reversibility of fouling formed in activated sludge filtration.” J. Membr. Sci., 157, 73–84.
Defrance, L., Jaffrin, M. Y., Gupta, B., Paullier, P., and Geaugey, V.(2000). “Contribution of various constituents of activated sludge to membrane bioreactor fouling.” Bioresource Technol., 73, 105–112.
Dignac, M. F., Urbain, V., Rybacki, D., Bruchet, A., Snidaro, D., and Scribe, P.(1998). “Chemical description of extracellular polymers: Implication on activated sludge floc structure.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 45–53.
Dijk, L., and Roncken, G. C. G.(1997). “Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment: The state of the art and new developments.” Water Sci. Technol., 35, 35–41.
Dufresne, R., Lavallee, H. C., Lebrun, R. E., and Lo, S. O.(1997). “Etude comparative de l’operation d’un systeme de bioreacteur a membranes et d’un systeme de bous activees conventionnel pour le traitement des effluents papetiers.” Pulp Pap. Mag. Can., 99, 66–70 (in French).
Dufresne, R., Lavallee, H. C., Lebrun, R. E., and Lo, S. N.(1998). “Comparison of performance between membrane bioreactor and activated sludge system for the treatment of pulping process wastewaters.” Tappi J., 81, 131–135.
Elmaleh, S., and Abdelmoummi, L.(1998). “Experimental test to evaluate performance of an anaerobic reactor provided with an external membrane unit.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 385–392.
Fakhrulrazi, A., and Noor, M. J. M. M.(1999). “Treatment of palm oil mill effluent with the membrane anaerobic system.” Water Sci. Technol., 39, 159–163.
Fan, X. J., Urvain, V., Qian, Y., and Manem, J.(1996). “Nitrification and mass balance with a membrane bioreactor for municipal wastewater treatment.” Water Sci. Technol., 34, 129–136.
Fan, X. J., Urvain, V., Qian, Y., and Manem, J. (1999). “Ultrafiltration of activated sludge with ceramic membranes in a crossflow membrane bioreactor process.” Proc., Membrane Technology in Environmental Management., Tokyo, 286–293.
Fane, A. G., Fell, C. J. D., and Nor, M. T.(1981). “Ultrafiltration/Activated sludge system—development of a predictive model.” Polym. Sci. Technol., 13, 631–658.
Field, R. W., Wu, D., Howell, J. A., and Gupta, B. B.(1995). “Critical flux concept for microfiltration fouling.” J. Membr. Sci., 100, 259–272.
Futamura, O., Masuo, K., and Koyosi, T.(1994). “Organic waste water treatment by activated sludge process using integrated type membrane separation.” Desalination, 98, 17–25.
Gander, M., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.(2000a). “Aerobic MBRs for domestic wastewater treatment: A review with cost considerations.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 18, 119–130.
Gander, M., Jefferson, B., and Judd, S.(2000b). “Membrane bioreactors for use in small wastewater treatment plants: Membrane materials and effluent quality.” Water Sci. Technol., 41, 205–211.
Ghosh, R., and Cui, Z. F.(1999). “Mass transfer in gas-sparged ultrafiltration: Upward slug flow in tubular membranes.” J. Membr. Sci., 162, 91–102.
Ghyoot, W., Beeckman, M., Van den Hende, P., and Verstraete, W. (1997). “Treatment of low and high strength wastewater with a membrane bioreactor.” Proc., 94th Event of the European Federation of Biotechnology, Part I, Oostende.
Ghyoot, W., Dong, Q., Springael, D., Van Roy, S., Nuyts, G., Mergaey, M., and Diels. L. (1999b). “Molecular tools for monitoring of gene transfer in a conventional A/S system and a membrane separation bioreactor.” Proc., Membrane Technology in Environmental Management, Tokyo, 377–383.
Ghyoot, W., Vandaele, S., and Verstraete, W.(1999a). “Nitrogen removal from sludge reject water with a membrane assisted bioreactor.” Water Res., 33, 23–32.
Grace, H. P.(1956). “Structure and performance of filter media.” AIChE J., 2, 307.
Gunder, B., and Krauth, K.(1998). “Replacement of secondary clarification by membrane separation—results with plate and hollow fibre modules.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 383–393.
Gunder, B., and Krauth, K.(1999). “Replacement of secondary clarification by membrane separation—Results with tubular plate and hollow fibre modules.” Water Sci. Technol., 40, 311–320.
Harada, H., Momonoi, K., Yamazaki, S., and Takizawa, S.(1994). “Application of anaerobic UF membrane reactor for treatment of a wastewater containing high strength particulate organics.” Water Sci. Technol., 30, 307–319.
Hodgson, P. A., Leslie, G. L., Schneider, R. P., Fane, A. G., Fell, C. J. D., and Marshall, K. C.(1993). “Cake resistance and solute rejection in bacterial microfiltration: The role of the extracellular matrix.” J. Membr. Sci., 79, 35–53.
Howell, J. A.(1995). “Subcritical flux operation of microfiltration.” J. Membr. Sci., 107, 165–171.
Hu, A. Y., and Stuckey, D. C. (2001). “In-tank anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment.” Proc., MBR3 Conference, Cranfield, 56–64.
Huang, X., Liu, R., and Qian, Y.(2001). “Behaviour of soluble microbial products in a membrane bioreactor.” Process Biochem., 36, 401–406.
Huisman, I. H., and Tragardh, C.(1999). “Particle transport in crossflow microfiltration - I. Effects of hydrodynamics and diffusion.” Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 271–280.
Ince, B. K., Ince, O., Salls, P. J., and Anderson, G. K.(2000). “Inert COD production in a membrane anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater.” Water Res., 34, 3943–3948.
Ishida, H., Yamada, Y., and Matsumura, S. (1993). “Submerged membrane process. Its application into activated sludge process with high concentrations of MLSS.” 2nd Int. Conf. Advances in Water and Effluent Treatment. BHR Group Series Pub. No. 8, 321–330.
Ishiguro, K., Imai, K., and Sawada, S.(1994). “Effects of biological treatment conditions on permeate flux of UF membrane in a membrane/activated sludge wastewater treatment system.” Desalination, 98, 119–126.
Jorand, F., Zartarian, F., Thomas, F., Block, J. C., Bottero, J. Y., Villemin, G., Urbain, V., and Manem, J.(1995). “Chemical and structural (2D) linkage between bacteria within activated sludge flocs.” Water Res., 29, 1639–1647.
Judd, S. J., Le Clech, P., Taha, T., and Cui, Z. F. (2001). “Theoretical and experimental representation of a submerged MBR system.” Proc., MBR 3 Conf., Cranfield, 1–13.
Kim, J. S., Lee, C. H., and Chun, H. D.(1998). “Comparison of ultrafiltration characteristics between activated sludge and BAC sludge.” Water Res., 32, 3443–3451.
Kim, J. S., Lee, C. H., and Chang, I. S.(2001). “Effect of pump shear on the performance of a crossflow membrane bioreactor.” Water Res., 35, 2137–2144.
Kishino, H., Ishida, I., and Nakano, I.(1996). “Domestic wastewater reuse sing a submerged membrane bioreactor.” Desalination, 106, 115–119.
Knoell, T., Safarik, J., Cormack, T., Riley, R., Lin, S. W., and Ridgway, H.(1999). “Biofouling potentials of microporous polysulfone membranes containing polyether-ethersulfone/polyethersulfone block copolymer: Correlation of membrane surface properties with bacterial attachment.” J. Membr. Sci., 157, 117–138.
Krauth, K. H., and Staab, K. F.(1993). “Pressurized bioreactor with membrane filtration for wastewater treatment.” Water Res., 27, 405–411.
Kwon, D. Y., and Vigneswaran, S.(1998). “Influence of particle size and surface charge on critical flux of crossflow microfiltration.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 481–488.
Kwon, D. Y., Vigneswaran, S., Fane, A. G., and Ben Aim, R.(2000). “Experimental determination of critical flux in cross flow microfiltration.” Sep. Purif. Technol., 19, 169–181.
Lee, S. M., Jung, J. Y., and Chung, Y. C.(2001). “Novel method for enhancing permeate flux of submerged membrane system in two-phase anaerobic reactor.” Water Res., 35, 471–477.
Li, Q. Y., Cui, Z. F., and Pepper, D. S.(1997). “Effect of bubble size and frequency on the permeate flux of gas sparged ultrafiltration with tubular membranes.” Chem. Eng. J., 67, 71–75.
Liao, B. Q., Allen, D. G., Droppo, I. G., Leppard, G. G., and Liss, S. N.(2001). “Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability.” Water Res., 35, 339–350.
Liu, R. U. I., Huang, X. I. A., Wang, C., Chen, L., and Qian, Y.(2000). “Study on hydraulic characteristics in a submerged membrane bioreactor process.” Process Biochem., 36, 249–254.
Lu, S. G., Illmai, M., Sekine, M., Fukaawa, M., and Nakanishi, H.(1999). “Fermentation wastewater treatment in a membrane bioreactor.” Environ. Technol., 20, 431–436.
Lubbecke, S., Vogelpohl, A., and Dewjanin, W.(1995). “Wastewater treatment in a biological high-performance system with high biomass concentration.” Water Res., 29, 793–802.
Madaeni, S. S.(1997). “The effect of operating conditions on critical flux in membrane filtration of latexes.” Process Saf. Envir. Prot., 75, 266–269.
Madaeni, S. S., Fane, A. G., and Wiley, D.(1999). “Factors influencing critical flux in membrane filtration of activated sludge.” J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 74, 539–543.
Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Kohno, T., and Okada, M.(2000). “Ultrafiltration behaviour of extracellular and metabolic products in activated sludge system with UF separation process.” Water Res., 34, 902–908.
Muller, E. B., Stouthamer, A. H., Vanverseveld, H. W., and Eikelboom, D. H.(1995). “Aerobic domestic wastewater treatment in a pilot-plant with complete sludge retention by cross-flow filtration.” Water Res., 29, 1179–1189.
Nagano, A., Arikawa, E., and Kobayashi, H.(1992). “The treatment of liquor wastewater containing high strength suspended solids by membrane bioreactor system.” Water Sci. Technol., 26, 887–895.
Nagaoka, H.(1999). “Nitrogen removal by submerged membrane separation activated sludge process.” Water Sci. Technol., 39, 107–114.
Nagaoka, H., Ueda, S., and Miya, A.(1996). “Influence of bacterial extracelluar polymers on the membrane separation activated sludge process.” Water Sci. Technol., 34, 165–172.
Nagaoka, H., Yamanishi, S., and Miya, A.(1998). “Modeling of biofouling by extracelluar polymers in a membrane separation activated sludge.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 497–504.
Nah, Y. M., Ahn, K. H., and Yeom, I. T.(2000). “Nitrogen removal in household wastewater treatment using an intermittently aerated membrane bioreactor.” Environ. Technol., 21, 107–114.
Nielson, P. H., and Jahn, A. (1999). “Extraction of EPS.” in Microbial extracellular polymeric substances, J. Wingender, T. R. Neu, and H. C. Flemming, eds., Springer, Berlin, 49–72.
Ognier, S., Wisniewski, C., and Grasmick, A. (2001). “Biofouling in membrane bioreactors: Phenomenon analysis and modelling.” Proc., MBR3 Conf., Cranfield, 29–43.
Ohkuma, N., Ohnishi, M., and Okuno, Y.(1994). “Waste water recycling technology using a rotary disk module.” Desalination, 98, 49–58.
Parameshwaran, K., Visvanathan, C., and Ben Aim, R.(1999). “Membrane as solid/liquid separator and air diffuser in bioreactor.” J. Environ. Eng., 125(9), 825–834.
Park, H. S., Choo, K. H., and Lee, C. H.(1999). “Flux enhancement with powdered activated carbon addition in the membrane anaerobic bioreactor.” Sep. Sci. Technol., 34, 2781–2792.
Pieracci, J., Crivello, J. V., and Belfort, G.(1999). “Photochemical modification of 10 kDa polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes for reduction of biofouling.” J. Membr. Sci., 156, 223–240.
Pirbazari, M., Ravindran, V., Badriyha, B. N., and Kim, S. H.(1996). “Hybrid membrane filtration process for leachate treatment.” Water Res., 30, 2691–2706.
Ragona, C. S. F., and Hall, E. R.(1998). “Parallel operation of ultrafiltration and aerobic membrane bioreactor treatment systems for mechanical newsprint mill whitewater at 55°C.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 307–314.
Roberts, J. A., Sutton, P. M., and Mishra, P. N.(2000). “Application of the membrane biological reactor system for combined sanitary and industrial wastewater treatment.” Int. Biodeterioration Biodegradation, 46, 37–42.
Rosenberg, S., Kraume, M., and Szewzyk, U. (1999). “Operation of different membrane bioreactors: Experimental results and physiological state of the microorganisms.” Proc., Membrane Technology in Environmental Management, Tokyo, 310–316.
Sanin, D., and Vesilind, P. A.(2000). “Bioflocculation of activated sludge: The role of calcium ions and extracellular polymers.” Environ. Technol., 21, 1405–1412.
Sato, T., and Ishii, Y.(1991). “Effects of activated sludge properties on water flux of ultrafiltration membrane used for human excrement treatment.” Water Sci. Technol., 23, 1601–1608.
Scott, J. A., Neilson, D. J., Liu, W., and Boon, P. N.(1998). “A dual function membrane bioreactor system for enhanced aerobic remediation of high strength industrial waste.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 413–420.
Shimizu, Y., Okuno, Y. I., Uryu, K., Ohtsubo, S., and Watanabe, A.(1996a). “Filtration characteristics of hollow fiber microfiltration membranes used in membrane bioreactor for domestic wastewater treatment.” Water Res., 30, 2385–2392.
Shimizu, Y., Rokudai, M., Thoya, S., Kayawake, T., Yazawa, T., Tanaka, H., and Eghchi, K.(1989). “Filtration characteristics of charged membranes for methanogenic wastes.” J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 22, 635–641.
Shimizu, Y., Rokudai, M., Thoya, S., Tanaka, H., and Eghchi, K.(1990). “Effect of membrane resistance on filtration characteristics for methanogenic wastes.” Kakaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 16, 145.
Shimizu, Y., Shimodera, K. I., and Watanabe, A.(1993). “Cross flow microfiltration of bacterial cells.” J. Ferment. Bioeng., 76, 493–500.
Shimizu, Y., Uryu, K., Okuno, Y. I., and Watanabe, A.(1996b). “Cross flow microfiltration of activated sludge using submerged membrane with air bubbling.” J. Ferment. Bioeng., 81, 55–60.
Shin, H. S., An, H., Kang, S. T., Choi, K. H., and Jun, K. S. (1999). “Fouling characteristics in pilot scale submerged membrane bioreactor.” Proc., 1st WEFTEC ’99, New Orleans.
Silva, C. M., Reeve, D. W., Husain, H., Rabie, H. R., and Woodhouse, K. A.(2000). “Model for flux prediction in high microfiltration systems.” J. Membr. Sci., 173, 87–98.
Silva, D. G. V., Urbain, V., Abeysinghe, D. H., and Rittman, B. E.(1998). “Advanced analysis of membrane bioreactor performance with aerobic-anoxic cycling.” Water Sci. Technol., 38, 505–512.
Stephenson, T., Judd, S., Jefferson, B., and Brindle, K. (2000). Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment, IWA, London.
Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V., and Manem, J.(1998). “Hydrodynamic control of bioparticle deposition in a MBR applied to wastewater treatment.” J. Membr. Sci., 147, 1–12.
Tardieu, E., Grasmick, A., Geaugey, V., and Manem, J.(1999). “Influence of hydrodynamics on fouling velocity in a recirculated MBR for wastewater treatment.” J. Membr. Sci., 156, 131–140.
Tarleton, E. S., and Wakeman, R. J.(1993). “Understanding flux decline in cross-flow microfiltration.1. effects of particle and pore-size.” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 71, 399–410.
Tarleton, E. S., and Wakeman, R. J.(1994). “Understanding flux decline in cross-flow microfiltration.2. effects of process parameters.” Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 72, 431–440.
Till, S. W., Judd, S. J., and Mcloughlin, B.(1998). “Reduction of fecal coliform bacteria in sewage effluents using a microporous polymeric membrane.” Water Res., 32, 1417–1422.
Trouve, E., Urbain, V., and Manem, J.(1994). “Treatment of municipal waste-water by a membrane bioreactor—Results of a semi-industrial pilot-scale study.” Water Sci. Technol., 30, 151–157.
Ueda, T., Hata, K., and Kikuoka, Y.(1996). “Treatment of domestic sewage from rural settlements by a membrane bioreactor.” Water Sci. Technol., 34, 189–196.
Ueda, T., Hata, T., Kikuoka, Y., and Seino, O.(1997). “Effects of aeration on suction pressure in a submerged membrane bioreactor.” Water Res., 31, 489–494.
Ueda, T., and Horan, N.(2000). “Fate of indigenous bacteriophage in a membrane bioreactor.” Water Res., 34, 2151–2159.
Urbain, V., Benoit, R., and Manem, J.(1996). “Membrane bioreactor: A new treatment tool.” J. AWWA, 88(5), 75–86.
Urbain, V., Mobarry, B., De Silva, V., Stahl, D. A., Rittmann, B. E., and Manem, J.(1998). “Integration of performance, molecular biology and modeling to describe the activated sludge process.” Water Sci. Technol., 37, 223–229.
Visvanathan, C., and Ben Aim, R.(1989). “Studies on colloidal membrane fouling mechanisms in crossflow microfiltration.” J. Membr. Sci., 45, 3–15.
Visvanathan, C., Yang, B. S., Muttamara, S., and Maythanukhraw, R.(1997). “Application of air backflushing technique in membrane bioreactor.” Water Sci. Technol., 36, 259–266.
Wang, Y., Kim, J. H., Choo, K. H., Lee, Y. S., and Lee, C. H.(2000). “Hydrophilic modification of polypropylene microfiltration membrane by ozone-induced graft polymerization.” J. Membr. Sci., 169, 269–276.
Wen, C., Huang, X., and Qian, Y.(1999a). “Domestic wastewater treatment using an anaerobic bioreactor coupled with membrane filtration.” Process Biochem., 35, 335–340.
Wen, X. H., Xing, C. H., and Qian, Y.(1999b). “A kinetic model for the prediction of sludge formation in a membrane bioreactor.” Process Biochem., 35, 249–254.
Wilkes, S., Brindle, K., and Rosenberg, S. (1999). “The preliminary evaluation of a submerged membrane bioreactor based on large diameter hollow fibre membranes for treatment of raw sewage.” Proc., MBR2 Conference, Cranfield, 1–8.
Wisniewski, C., and Grasmick, A.(1998). “Floc size distribution in a membrane bioreactor and consequences for membrane fouling.” Colloids Surf., A, 138, 403–411.
Wisniewski, C., Grasmick, A., and Cruz, A. L.(2000). “Critical particle size in membrane bioreactors case of a denitirifying bacterial suspension.” J. Membr. Sci., 178, 141–150.
Xing, C. H., Tardieu, E., Qian, Y., and Wen, X. H.(2000). “Ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor for urban wastewater reclamation.” J. Membr. Sci., 177, 73–82.
Yamamoto, K., Hissa, M., Mahmood, T., and Matsuo, T.(1989). “Direct solid liquid separation using hollow fiber membrane in an activated sludge aeration tank.” Water Sci. Technol., 21, 43–54.
Yoon, S. H., Kim, H. S., Park, J. K., Kim, H., and Sung, J. Y. (1999). “Influence of important operational parameters on performance of a membrane biological reactor.” Proc., Membrane Technology in Environmental Management, Tokyo, 278–285.
Zaloum, R., Lessard, S., Mourato, D., and Carriere, J.(1994). “Membrane bioreactor treatment of oily wastes from a metal transformation mill.” Water Sci. Technol., 30, 21–27.
Zhang, B., Yamamoto, K., Ohgaki, S., and Kamiko, N.(1997). “Floc size distribution and bacterial activities in membrane separation activated sludge processes for small scale wastewater treatment/reclamation.” Water Sci. Technol., 35, 37–44.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 128 • Issue 11 • November 2002
Pages: 1018 - 1029
Copyright
Copyright © 2002 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Oct 26, 2001
Accepted: Feb 26, 2002
Published online: Oct 15, 2002
Published in print: Nov 2002
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.