Natural Covers for Landfills and Buried Waste
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 127, Issue 9
Abstract
Remediation of landfill wastes, mine land wastes, and oil shale residues normally includes a cover over the waste. Nearly all currently used landfill covers (caps) employ barrier-type systems. The authors discuss innovative vegetative landfill covers that use no barriers. They consist of a layer of soil covered by native grasses to control infiltrating precipitation as follows: (1) the soil stores infiltrating water; and (2) natural evapotranspiration empties the soil water reservoir. The vegetative cover concept has been extensively verified in the field. Because they are natural, they should perform better than conventional covers over decades or centuries and they are less expensive to build and maintain. The concept has been proven and it should be widely used. The authors propose that the name evapotranspiration cover should be associated with correctly designed and constructed vegetative covers.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Allen, R. R., Musick, J. T., and Schneider, A. D. ( 1995). “Residual deep plowing effects on irrigation intake for Pullman clay loam.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 59, 1424–1429.
2.
Anderson, J. E. ( 1997). “Soil-plant cover systems for final closure of solid waste landfills in arid regions.” Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions, T. D. Reynolds and R. C. Morris, eds., Environmental Science and Research Foundation, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 27–38.
3.
Anderson, J. E., Nowak, R. S., Ratzlaff, T. D., and Markham, O. D. ( 1992). “Managing soil moisture on waste burial sites in arid regions.” J. Envir. Quality, 22, 62–69.
4.
Ankeny, M. D., Coons, L. M., Majumdar, N., Kelsey, J., and Miller, M. ( 1997). “Performance and cost considerations for landfill caps in semi-arid climates.” Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions, T. D. Reynolds and R. C. Morris, eds., Environmental Science and Research Foundation, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 243–261.
5.
Aronovici, V. S. ( 1971). “Percolation of water through Pullman soils, Texas High Plains.” Bull. B-1110, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex.
6.
Benson, C. H. ( 1997). “A review of alternative landfill cover demonstrations.” Envir. Geotechnics Rep. 97-1, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
7.
Board, M., and Laine, D. ( 1995). “Corralling liner nightmares.” MSW Mgmt., 5(6), 48–51.
8.
Boyer, I., Hauser, V., Gimon, D., and Gill, M. ( 1999). “Decision tool for landfill remediation.” Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Brooks Air Force Base, Tex.
9.
Chichester, F. W., and Hauser, V. L. ( 1991). “Change in chemical properties of constructed minesoils developing under forage grass management.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55(2), 451–459.
10.
Chung, S. W., Gassman, P. W., Kramer, L. A., Williams, J. R., and Gu, R. ( 1999). “Validation of EPIC for two watersheds in Southwest Iowa.” J. Envir. Quality, 28, 971–979.
11.
Cole, G. W., and Lyles, L. ( 1990). “The wind erosion component of EPIC.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
12.
Cole, J. S., and Mathews, O. R. ( 1939). “Subsoil moisture under semiarid conditions.” Tech. Bull. No. 637, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
13.
Cooley, K. R., Robertson, D. C., Springer, E. P., Williams, J. R., and Hanson, C. L. ( 1990). “Evaluation of EPIC using a sagebrush range site.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
14.
Crozier, F., and Walker, T. ( 1995). “CQA + GLLS = TEC: How much does your liner leak?” Wastes Mgmt., 24–26.
15.
Doering, E. J., and Sandoval, F. M. ( 1976). “Hydrology of saline seeps in the northern Great Plains.” Trans. ASAE, 19(5), 856–861, 865.
16.
Eavis, B. W. ( 1972). “Soil physical conditions affecting seedling root growth. I. Mechanical impedance, aeration and moisture availability as influenced by bulk density and moisture levels in a sandy loam soil.” Plant & Soil, 36, 613–622.
17.
Favis-Mortlock, D. T., and Smith, F. R. ( 1990). “A sensitivity analysis of EPIC.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
18.
Ferguson, H., and Bateridge, T. ( 1982). “Salt status of glacial till soils of north-central Montana as affected by the crop-fallow system of dryland farming.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 46, 807–810.
19.
Gameda, S. G., Raghaven, S. V., Theriault, R., and McKyes, E. ( 1985). “High axle load compaction and corn yield.” Trans. ASAE, 28(6), 1759–1765.
20.
Gee, G. W., and Ward, A. L. ( 1997). “Still in quest of the perfect cap.” Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions, T. D. Reynolds and R. C. Morris, eds., Environmental Science and Research Foundation, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 145–165.
21.
Gill, M. D., Hauser, V. L., Horin, J. D., Weand, B. L., and Casagrande, D. L. ( 1999). “Landfill remediation project manager's handbook.” Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Brooks Air Force Base, Tex.
22.
Grossman, R. B., Benham, E. C., Harms, D. S., and Sinclair, H. R., Jr. ( 1992). “Physical root restriction prediction in a mine spoil reclamation protocol.” Proc., 1992 Nat. Symp. on Prime Farmland Reclamation, R. E. Dunker, R. I. Barnhisel, and R. G. Darmody, eds., Dept. of Agronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana, Urbana, Ill., 191–196.
23.
Halvorson, A. D., and Black, A. L. ( 1974). “Saline-seep development in dryland soils of northeastern Montana.” J. Soil and Water Conservation, 29, 77–81.
24.
Hauser, V. L., and Chichester, F. W. ( 1989). “Water relationships of claypan and constructed soil profiles.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 53(4), 1189–1196.
25.
Hauser, V. L., and Shaw, M. A. ( 1994a). “Water movement through soil-vegetative landfill covers.” Paper No. 942176, ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich.
26.
Hauser, V. L., and Shaw, M. A. ( 1994b). “Climate effects on water movement through soil vegetative landfill covers.” Proc., 17th Int. Madison Waste Conf., University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 119–128.
27.
Hauser, V. L., Shaw, M. A., and Weand, B. L. ( 1994). “Effectiveness of soil-vegetative covers for waste sites.” Proc., Superfund XV.
28.
Hauser, V. L., Shaw, M. A., and Weand, B. L. ( 1995). “A natural cover for buried waste.” Proc., 21st Envir. Symp. and Exhibition, American Defense Preparedness Association, Arlington, Va.
29.
Hauser, V. L., Weand, B. L., Shaw, M. A., and Wusterbarth, A. R. ( 1996). “Natural covers for landfills a closer look.” Proc., 22nd Envir. Symp. and Exhibition, American Defense Preparedness Association, Arlington, Va.
30.
Jones, C. A. ( 1983). “Effect of soil texture on critical bulk densities for root growth.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 47, 1208–1211.
31.
Kiniry, J. R., Spanel, D. A., Williams, J. R., and Jones, C. A. ( 1990). “Demonstration and validation of crop grain yield simulation by EPIC.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
32.
Kiniry, J. R., et al. ( 1995). “EPIC model parameters for cereal, oilseed, and forage crops in the northern Great Plains region.” Can. J. Plant Sci., 75, 679–688.
33.
Koerner, R. M., and Daniel, D. E. ( 1997). Final covers for solid waste landfills and abandoned dumps, ASCE, New York.
34.
Kreith, F., ed. ( 1994). Handbook of solid waste management, McGraw-Hill, New York.
35.
Luken, H. ( 1962). “Saline soils under dryland agriculture in southeastern Saskatchewan (Canada) and possibilities for their improvement.” Plant and Soil, 17, 1–25.
36.
McBean, E. A., Rovers, F. A., and Farquhar, G. J. ( 1995). Solid waste landfill engineering and design, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
37.
Meisinger, J. J., Hargrove, W. L., Mikkelsen, R. L., Williams, J. R., and Benson, V. W. ( 1991). “Effects of cover crops on groundwater quality.” Cover crops for clean water, Soil Conservation Society, Ankeny, Iowa, 57–68.
38.
Melchior, S. ( 1997). “In situ studies on the performance of landfill caps.” Proc. Int. Containment Technol. Conf., St. Petersburg, Fla., 365–373.
39.
Monteith, N. H., and Banath, C. L. ( 1965). “The effect of soil strength on sugarcane growth.” Trop. Agric., 42, 293–296.
40.
Musick, J. T., Dusek, D. A., and Schneider, A. D. ( 1981). “Deep tillage of irrigated Pullman clay loam, a long-term evaluation.” Trans. ASAE, 24(6), 1515–1519.
41.
Nicks, A. D., Richardson, C. W., and Williams, J. R. ( 1990). “Evaluation of the EPIC model weather generator.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
42.
Nyhan, J. W., Hakonson, T. E., and Drennon, B. J. ( 1990). “A water balance study of two landfill cover designs for semiarid regions.” J. Envir. Quality, 19, 281–288.
43.
Rast, R. R., ed. ( 1997). Environmental restoration, unit cost book, R. S. Means Company Inc., Kingston, Mass.
44.
Sala, O. E., Lauenroth, W. K., and Parton, W. J. ( 1992). “Long-term soil water dynamics in the shortgrass steppe.” Ecology, 73(4), 1175–1181.
45.
Sharpley, A. N., Jones, C. A., and Williams, J. R. ( 1990). “The nutrient component of EPIC.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
46.
Sharpley, A. N., and Williams, J. R., eds. ( 1990a). “Erosion/productivity impact calculator: 1. Model documentation.” Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
47.
Sharpley, A. N., and Williams, J. R., eds. ( 1990b). “Perspectives.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation.” Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
48.
Sharratt, B., Voorhees, W., McIntosh, G., and Lemme, G. ( 1998). “Persistence of soil structural modifications along a historic wagon trail.” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 62, 774–777.
49.
Smith, S. J., Nicks, A. D., and Sharpley, A. N. ( 1990a). “Estimation of soil pH changes in EPIC.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
50.
Smith, S. J., Sharpley, A. N., and Nicks, A. D. ( 1990b). “Evaluation of EPIC nutrient projections using soil profiles for virgin and cultivated lands of the same soil series.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
51.
Steiner, J. L., Williams, J. R., and Jones, O. R. ( 1990). “Evaluation of EPIC using a dryland wheat-sorghum-fallow crop rotation.” EPIC-Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator, 1. Model Documentation, Agr. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
52.
Suter, G. W., Luxmoore, R. J., and Smith, E. D. ( 1993). “Compacted soil barriers at abandoned landfill sites are likely to fail in the long term.” J. Envir. Quality, 22(2), 217–226.
53.
Taylor, H. M. ( 1967). “Effects of tillage-induced soil environmental changes on root growth.” Proc., Tillage for Greater Crop Production Conf., ASAE Publ. PROC-168, ASAE, St. Joseph, Mich., 15–18, 25.
54.
Taylor, H. M., Robertson, G. M., and Parker, J. J., Jr. ( 1966). “Soil strength-root penetration relations for medium to coarse-textured soil materials.” Soil Sci., 102, 18–22.
55.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., and Vigil, S. ( 1993). Integrated solid waste management, McGraw-Hill, New York.
56.
Timlin, D. J., Ahuja, L. R., and Heathman, G. C. ( 1998). “Preferential transport of a bromide tracer applied in a pulse of ponded water.” J. Envir. Quality, 27, 505–514.
57.
Unger, P. W. ( 1979). “Effects of deep tillage and profile modification on soil properties, root growth and crop yields in the United States and Canada.” Geoderma, 22, 275–295.
58.
Unger, P. W. ( 1993). “Residual effects of soil profile modification on water infiltration, bulk density, and wheat yield.” Agronomy J., 85, 656–659.
59.
Warren, R. W., Hakonson, T. E., and Bostik, K. V. ( 1996). “Choosing the most effective hazardous waste landfill cover.” Remediation, Wiley, New York, 23–41.
60.
Warren, R. W., Hakonson, T. E., and Bostik, K. V. ( 1997). “The hydrologic evaluation of four cover designs for hazardous waste landfills.” Landfill capping in the semi-arid west: Problems, perspectives, and solutions, T. D. Reynolds and R. C. Morris, eds. Environmental Science and Research Foundation, Idaho Falls, Idaho, 181–197.
61.
Waugh, W. J., Thiede, M. E., Bates, D. J., Cadwell, L. L., Gee, G. W., and Kemp, C. J. ( 1994). “Plant cover and water balance in gravel admixtures at an arid waste-burial site.” J. Envir. Quality, 23, 676–685.
62.
Weand, B. L., et al. ( 1999). “Landfill covers for use at Air Force installations.” Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Brooks Air Force Base, Tex.
63.
Williams, J. R., Dyke, P. T., Fuchs, W. W., Benson, V. W., Rice, O. W., and Taylor, E. D. ( 1990). EPIC-Erosion/productivity impact calculator: 2. User Manual. Tech. Bull. No. 1768, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.
64.
Worcester, B. K., Brun, L. J., and Doering, E. J. ( 1975). “Classification and management of saline seeps in western North Dakota.” North Dakota Farm Res., 33(1), 3–7.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
History
Received: Apr 19, 2000
Published online: Sep 1, 2001
Published in print: Sep 2001
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.