Ground Water under Direct Influence of Surface Water
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 126, Issue 6
Abstract
The Surface Water Treatment Rule and the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule classify some ground-water sources as “ground water under the direct influence of surface water” (GWUDI), and ground waters classified as GWUDI must follow the same treatment guidelines as surface-water sources. The microscopic particulate analysis (MPA) method is the most widely used method to identify GWUDI; however, this method has several deficiencies. An improved protocol for classifying ground-water sources as GWUDI is presented in this paper. The procedure consists of calculating the absolute risk of illness from waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium in the pumped water, accounting for the uncertainty in the surface-water concentrations, hydrogeology, straining characteristics, pathogen viability in ground water, and observations of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in samples of the pumped water. In cases where the risk of illness exceeds the acceptable risk, the ground water should be classified as GWUDI. Two examples are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Al-Suwaiyan, M. S. (1998). “Nondeterministic evaluation of field scale-dispersivity relation.”J. Hydrologic Engrg., ASCE, 3(3), 215–217.
2.
Chapra, S. C. (1997). Surface water-quality modeling, McGraw-Hill, New York.
3.
Chertousov, M. D. (1962). Hydraulics. Gosenergouzdat, Moscow (in Russian).
4.
Craun, G. F. ( 1990). “Waterborne giardiasis.” Giardiasis, E. A. Meyer, ed., Elsevier Science, New York, 267–293.
5.
DuPont, H. L., Chappel, C. L., Sterling, C. R., Okhuysen, P. O., Rose, J. B., and Jakubowski, W. (1995). “The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in health volunteers.” New England J. Medicine, 332(13), 855–859.
6.
Gelhar, L. W., Welty, C., and Rehfeldt, K. R. (1992). “A critical review of data on field-scale dispersion in aquifers.” Water Resour. Res., 28(7), 1955–1974.
7.
Gollnitz, W. D., Clancy, J. L., and Garner, S. C. (1997). “Reduction of microscopic particulates by aquifers.” J. AWWA, 89(11), 84–93.
8.
Guidance manual for compliance with the filtration and disinfection requirements for public water systems using surface water sources. (1991). American Water Works Association, Denver.
9.
Haas, C. N., and Rose, J. B. (1994). “Reconciliation of microbial risk models and outbreak epidemiology: the case of the Milwaukee outbreak.” Proc., 1994 AWWA Ann. Conf., American Water Works Association, Denver, 517–523.
10.
Hancock, C. M., Rose, J. B., Vasconcelos, G. J., Harris, S. I., Klonicki, P. T., and Sturbaum, G. D. (1998). “Correlation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence in groundwater with surface water indicators. AWWA Ann. Conf. and Exhibition, American Water Works Association, Denver (Abstract).
11.
Harbaugh, A. W., and McDonald, M. G. (1996). “User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model.” Open File Rep. 96-485, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va.
12.
Harvey, R. W., and Garabedian, S. P. (1991). “Use of colloid filtration theory in modeling movement of bacteria through a contaminated sandy aquifer.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 25, 178–185.
13.
Heisz, M. (1997). “In vitro survival of Cryptosporidium oocysts in natural waters.” Int. Symp. on Waterborne Cryptosporidium.
14.
Hoffbuhr, J. W., Blair, J., Bartleson, M., and Karlin, R. (1986). “Use of particulate analysis for source and water treatment evaluation.” Proc., AWWA Water Quality Technol. Conf., American Water Works Association, Denver.
15.
LeChevallier, M. W., and Norton, W. D. (1995). “Giardia and Cryptosporidium in raw and finished water.” J. AWWA, 87(9), 54–68.
16.
LeChevallier, M. W., Norton, W. D., and Lee, R. G. (1991). “Occurrence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium spp. in surface water supplies.” Appl. Envir. Microbiology, 57(9), 2610–2616.
17.
McDowell-Boyer, L. M., Hunt, J. R., and Sitar, N. (1986). “Particle transport through porous media.” Water Resour. Res., 22(13), 1901–1921.
18.
Notestine, T., and Hudson, J. (1988). “Classification of drinking water sources as surface or ground waters.” Final Project Rep., Ofc. of Envir. Health Programs, Washington Department of Social and Health Services, Washington, D.C.
19.
Qi, X. ( 1999). “The development of a risk-assessment methodology to identify ground water under the direct influence of surface water.” MS thesis, Dept. of Civ. Arch., and Envir. Engrg., University of Miami, Miami, Fla.
20.
Regli, S., Rose, J. B., Haas, C. N., and Gerba C. P. (1991). “Modelling the risk from giardia and viruses in drinking water.” J. AWWA, 83(11), 76–84.
21.
Robertson, L. J., Campbell, A. T., and Smith, H. V. (1992). “Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures.” App. Envir. Microbiology, 58, 3494–3500.
22.
Rose, J. B., Haas, C. N., and Regli, S. (1991). “Risk assessment and the control of waterborne giardiasis.” Am. J. Public Health, 81(6), 709–713.
23.
Schmidt, G. D., and Roberts, L. S. (1977). Foundations of parasitology, C. V. Mosby, St. Louis, Mo.
24.
Science Applications International Corporation. (1998). “Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence assessment for the interim enhanced surface water treatment rule.” Rep. Prepared for the Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
25.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1989). “Transport and fate of contaminants in the subsurface.” Seminar Publication EPA /625/4-89/019, Washington, D.C.
26.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (1992). “Consensus method for determining groundwaters under the direct influence of surface water using microscopic particulate analysis (MPA).” Tech. Rep. EPA 9009-92-029, Washington, D.C.
27.
Wagner, S., Harter, T., and Atwill, E. R. (1997). “The transport of Cryptosporidium parvum through saturated sand columns.” Proc., Am. Geophysical Union 1997 Fall Mtg., American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C. (Abstract).
28.
Walker, M. J., Montemagno, C. D., and Jenkins, M. B. (1998). “Source water assessment and nonpoint sources of acutely toxic contaminants: a review of research related to survival and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum.” Water Resour. Res., 34(12), 3383–3392.
29.
Walpole, R. E., and Myers, R. H. (1978). Probability and statistics for engineers and scientists, 2nd Ed., Macmillan, New York.
30.
Wilson, M. P., Gollnitz, W. D., Boutros, S. N., and Boria, W. T. (1996). “Determining groundwater under the direct influence of surface water.” Tech. Rep. Project #605, American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver.
31.
Yao, K. M., Habibian, M. T., and O'Melia, C. R. (1971). “Water and waste water filtration: concepts and applications.” Envir. Sci. and Technol., 11, 1105–1112.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 126 • Issue 6 • June 2000
Pages: 501 - 508
History
Received: May 3, 1999
Published online: Jun 1, 2000
Published in print: Jun 2000
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.