Cation-Enhanced Removal of Lead from Kaolinite by Electrokinetics
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 123, Issue 12
Abstract
Natural solutions containing clay extracts and synthetic solutions with varying concentrations of Al3+, Ca2+, and Na+ were used as anodic flushing solutions, and investigated for their enhanced in-situ removal of Pb from clay by electrokinetics (E-K). The experiments were conducted in a horizontal soil column apparatus with kaolin clay at an initial concentration of 340–410 μg Pb/g clay (dry) and 80–83% moisture content. Natural flushing solutions were prepared by mixing water and clay in ratios varying from 2:1 to 40:1 by weight, and the supernatant was used as an anodic flushing solution. The 7:1 natural solution was the most effective in Pb removal. Synthetic solutions were prepared from the salts of Al3+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, and K+ ions. Pb removal was highest at a solution ionic strength of ∼0.001 M for each element group, and with trivalent Al3+ and divalent Ca2+ ions at concentrations of ∼6.4 × 10−5 M and 3.1 × 10−4 M, respectively. The 5.5 × Ca synthetic solution had the highest overall Pb removal efficiency. Energy expenditure/unit volume of soil for all experiments was 8–31 kWh/m3.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Acar, Y. B., and Alshawabkeh, A. N.(1993). “Principles of electrokinetic remediation.”Environ. Sci. and Technol., 27(13), 2638–2647.
2.
Acar, Y. B., Alshawabkeh, A. N., and Gale, R. J.(1993). “Fundamentals of extracting species from soils by electrokinetics.”Waste Mgmt., 13, 141–151.
3.
Acar, Y. B., Gale, R. J., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Marks, R. E., Puppala, S., Bricka, M., and Parker, R.(1995). “Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status.”J. Haz. Mater., 40, 117–137.
4.
Acar, Y. B., Li, H., and Gale, R. J.(1992). “Phenol removal from kaolinite by electrokinetics.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 118(11), 1837–1851.
5.
Bruell, C. J., Segall, B. A., and Walsh, M. T.(1992). “Electroosmotic removal of gasoline hydrocarbons and TCE from clay.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 118(1), 68–73.
6.
Hamed, J. T., Acar, Y. B., and Gale, R. J.(1991). “Pb(II) removal from kaolinite by electrokinetics.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 117(2), 241–271.
7.
Kelsh, D. (1992). “Technical requirements for electrokinetics development.”Proc., U.S. Dept. of Energy Electrokinetics Workshop, Atlanta, Ga.
8.
Kozak, M. W. (1992). “Fundamentals of electrokinetics.”Proc., U.S. Dept. of Energy Electrokinetics Workshop, Atlanta, Ga., 8.
9.
Lide, D. R. (ed.) (1994). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. Special Student Edition. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
10.
Lindgren, E. R., Mattson, E. D., and Kozak, M. W. (1992). “Electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soils.”Proc., U.S. Dept. of Energy Electrokinetic Workshop, Atlanta, Ga., 1.
11.
McLean, E. O. (1982). “Soil pH and lime requirement.”Methods of soil analysis: Part 2—chemical and microbiological properties, No. 9, 2nd Ed., American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, 199–209.
12.
Mitchell, J. K. (1993). Fundamentals of soil behavior, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
13.
Reed, B. E., Carriere, P. C., Thompson, J. C., and Hatfield, J. H.(1996). “Electronic (EK) remediation of a contaminated soil at several Pb concentrations and applied voltages.”J. Soil Contamination, 5(2), 95–120.
14.
Renaud, P. C., and Probstein, R. F.(1987). “Electroosmotic control of hazardous wastes.”PhysioChemical Hydrodynamics, 9(3), 345–360.
15.
Runnels, P. D., and Larson, J. L.(1986). “A laboratory study of electromigration as a possible field technique for the removal of contaminants from groundwater.”Ground Water Monitoring Rev., 6(3), 85–88.
16.
Segall, B. A., and Bruell, C. J.(1992). “Electroosmotic contaminant removal processes.”J. Envir. Engrg., ASCE, 118(1), 84–100.
17.
Segall, B. A., O'Bannon, C. E., and Matthias, J. A.(1980). “Electroosmotic chemistry and water quality.”J. Geotech. Engrg., ASCE, 106(10), 1148–1152.
18.
Shapiro, A. P., Renaud, P. C., and Probstein, R. F.(1989). “Preliminary studies on the removal of chemical species from saturated porous media by electroosmosis.”PhysioChemical Hydrodynamics, 11(5), 785–802.
19.
Skoog, D. A., and Leary, J. J. (1992). Principles of instrumental analysis, 4th Ed., Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia, Pa.
20.
Snoeyink, V. L., and Jenkins, D. (1980). Water chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
21.
“Technical Data Sheet.” (1996). The Feldspar Corp., EPK Clay Div., Edgar, Fla., 1–2.
22.
Ugaz, A., Puppala, S., Gale, R. J., and Acar, Y. B.(1994). “Electrokinetic soil processing; complicating features of electrokinetic remediation of soils and slurries: saturation effects and the role of the cathode electrolysis.”Chemical Engrg. Communications, 129, 183–200.
23.
Yeung, A. T., and Datla, S.(1995). “Fundamental formulation of electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from soil.”Can. Geotech. J., 32, 569–583.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Dec 1, 1997
Published in print: Dec 1997
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.