Solidification/Stabilization of Phenolic Waste Using Organic-Clay Complex
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 9
Abstract
The solidification/stabilization (S/S) process is applicable to soil contaminated by metals and other inorganics. However, this process is not currently viewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as applicable for remediation of soils contaminated solely with volatile organic compounds, because these organic compounds have been shown to have a detrimental effect on the macrostructural properties of ordinary portland cement (OPC) and could be released during the mixing and curing process. The aim of the present study is mainly to investigate the feasibility of using quaternary ammonium-modified clays (organophilic clays) to stabilize organics (phenol, 2-chlorophenol, and 2,4-dichlorophenol) in contaminated soils prior to conventional cement-based solidification. The effectiveness of the S/S process, using organophilic clays, was evaluated, based on experimental findings from batch sorption, leachability of hazardous constituents, unconfined compressive strength, and permeability tests. Results from these experimental tests indicate that the use of organophilic clay as a presolidification adsorbent gives a successful S/S process in the treatment of phenol-contaminated soils.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Boyd, S. A., Mortland, M. M., and Chiou, C. T.(1988a). “Sorption characteristics of organic compounds on hexadecyltrimethylammonium-smectites.”Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 52, 652–657.
2.
Boyd, S. A., Shaobai, S., Lee, J. F., and Mortland, M. M.(1988b). “Pentachlorophenol sorption by organo-clays.”Clay and Clay Minerals, 36, 125–130.
3.
Eaton, H. C., Walsh, M. E., Tittlebaum, M. E., Cartledge, F. K., and Chalasani, D.(1987). “Organic interference of solidified/stabilized hazardous wastes.”Envir. Monitoring and Assessment, 9, 133–142.
4.
Jaynes, W. F., and Boyd, S. A.(1990). “Trimethylphenylammonium-smectite as an effective adsorbent of water soluble aromatic hydrocarbons.”J. Air Waste Mgmt. Assn., 40, 1649–1653.
5.
Jeffrey, L. M., et al. (1995). The application of solidification and stabilization to waste materials . Lewis Publishers Inc., New York, N.Y.
6.
Jones, L. W. (1990). “Interference mechanisms in waste stabilization/solidification processes.”EPA/600/2-89/067, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
7.
Kerr, R. S. (1990). “Basis of pump-and-treat groundwater remediation technology.”EPA/600/8-90/003, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio.
8.
Lee, J. F., Mortland, M. M., Chiou, C. T., Kile, D. E., and Boyd, S. A.(1990). “Adsorption of benzene, toluene, and xylene by two tetramethylammonium-smectites having different charge densities.”Clay and Clay Minerals, 38(2), 113–120.
9.
Lo, I. M.-C.(1994). “Originally modified clays—a potential clay liner material and a variety of waste treatment applications.”Asian Water and Sewerage, Asia's J. Envir. Technol., Singapore, 10, 42–48.
10.
Lo, I. M.-C., Liljestrand, H. M., and Daniel, E. D. (1994). “Hydraulic conductivity and pollutant transport through modified clay liner materials.”Hydr. Conductivity and Waste Contaminant Transport, ASTM STP 1142, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 422–438.
11.
Lo, I. M.-C., and Liljestrand, H. M.(1996). “Laboratory sorption and hydraulic conductivity tests: evaluation of modified-clay materials.”Waste Mgmt. and Res., 14, 44–56.
12.
Montgomery, D. M., Sollars, C. J., Sheriff, T. S., and Perry, R.(1988). “Organophilic clays for the successful stabilization/solidification of problematic industrial wastes.”Envir. Technol. Letters, 9, 1403–1412.
13.
Montgomery, D. M., Sollars, C. J., Perry, R., Tarling, S. E., Barnes, O., and Henderson, E.(1991). “Treatment of organic-contaminated industrial wastes using cement-based stabilization/solidification—I. Microstructural analysis of cement-organic interactions.”Waste Mgmt. and Res., 9, 103–111.
14.
Mortland, M. M., Shaobai, S., and Boyd, S. A.(1986). “Clay-organic complexes as adsorbents for phenol and chlorophenols.”Clay and Clay Minerals, 34, 581–585.
15.
Pollard, S. J. T., Montgomery, D. M., Sollars, C. J., and Perry, R.(1991). “Organic compounds in the cement-based stabilization/solidification of hazardous mixed wastes—mechanistic and process considerations.”J. Haz. Mat., 28, 313–327.
16.
Skipper, D. G., Eaton, H. C., Cartledge, F. K., and Tittlebaum, M. E.(1987). “Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis of type I portland cement pastes containing parachlorophenol.”Cement and Concrete Res., 17, 851–863.
17.
Smith, J., and Jaffe, P. R.(1991). “Comparison of tetrachloromethane sorption to an alkylammonium-clay and an alkydiammonium-clay.”Envir. Sci. Technol., 25, 2054–2058.
18.
Stumm, W., and Morgan, J. J. (1981). Aquatic chemistry. An introduction emphasizing chemistry equilibria in natural waters . John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
19.
Test method for compressive strength of molded soil-cement cylinders; D1633-84. (1991). ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa.
20.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1986). “Handbook of stabilization/solidification of hazardous waste.”EPA/5640/2-86/001, Cincinnati, Ohio.
21.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1986). “Test methods for evaluating solid waste.”9100-SW846, Vol. 1C: laboratory manual physical/chemical methods, 3rd Ed., Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C.
22.
Worral, W. E. (1968). Clays: their nature, origin and general properties . Transatlantic Arts, New York, N.Y.
23.
Xu, S., and Boyd, S. A.(1995). “Cationic surfactant sorption to a vermiculitic subsoil via hydrophobic bonding.”Envir. Sci. Technol., 29, 312–320.
24.
Young, J. F.(1972). “A review of the mechanisms of set-retardation in portland cement pastes containing organic admixtures.”Cement and Concrete Res., 2, 415–433.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Sep 1, 1996
Published in print: Sep 1996
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.