Copper and Copper-Nickel Alloys as Zebra Mussel Antifoulants
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 4
Abstract
Copper has been used in the marine environment for decades as cladding on ships and pipes to prevent biofouling by marine mussels ( Mytilus edulis L.). This motivated the present investigation into the possibility of using copper to prevent biofouling in freshwater by both zebra mussels and quagga mussels ( Dreissena polymorpha and D. bugensis collectively referred to as “zebra mussels”). Copper and copper alloy sheet proved to be highly effective in preventing biofouling by zebra mussels over a three-year period. Further studies were conducted with copper and copper-nickel mesh (lattice of expanded metal) and screen (woven wire with a smaller hole size), which reduced the amount of copper used. Copper screen was also found to be strongly biofouling-resistant with respect to zebra mussels, while copper mesh reduced zebra mussel biofouling in comparison to controls, but did not prevent it entirely. Preliminary investigations into the mechanism of copper antifouling, using galvanic couples, indicated that the release of copper ions from the surface of the exposed metal into the surrounding water is directly or indirectly responsible for the biofouling resistance of copper.
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 122 • Issue 4 • April 1996
Pages: 276 - 283
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Apr 1, 1996
Published in print: Apr 1996
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