Stabilization/Solidification of Hazardous Wastes Using Fly Ash
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 122, Issue 10
Abstract
A simple and inexpensive method of stabilization/solidification (S/S) of hazardous wastes using C-grade fly ash as the only binding agent is presented. The process involves mixing the waste and fly ash and compacting the mixture for less than 3 s at 1.4–6.9 MPa to form a monolith. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) results for a simulated mixed waste showed that the chromium concentration in the leachate is well below current Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) limits. For this particular waste, TCLP results were not significantly affected by the ratio of waste:fly ash in the block due to the limited range of waste concentration that can be processed. Furthermore, it is shown that the optimum operating conditions are at a waste pH of 9.2 and an applied pressure of 4.65 MPa.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Bentz, D. P., and Garboczi, E. J.(1991). “Simulation studies of the effects of mineral admixtures on the cement paste-aggregate interfacial zone.”ACI Mat. J., 88(5), 518–529.
2.
Berry, E. E., Hemmings, R. T., and Cornelius, B. J.(1991). “Mechanisms of hydration reactions in high volume fly ash pastes and mortars.”Cement and Concrete Compos., 12(4), 253–261.
3.
Chu, P., Rafferty, M. T., Delfinao, T. A., and Gitschlag, R. F. (1991). “Comparison of fixation techniques for soil containing arsenic.”Emerging technologies in hazardous waste management II, D. W. Tedder and F. G. Pohland, eds., American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Washington, D.C., 401–414.
4.
Conner, J. R. (1990). Chemical fixation and solidification of hazardous waste . Van Nostrand Reinhold, Inc., New York, N.Y.
5.
Cullinane, M. J. Jr., Jones, L. W., and Malone, P. G. (1986). Handbook for stabilization/solidification of hazardous wastes . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
6.
Cullinane, M. J. Jr., and Jones, L. W. (1989a). “Solidification and stabilization of hazardous wastes, Part 1.”Haz. Mat. Control, 2(1), 9–17, 58–63.
7.
Cullinane, M. J. Jr., and Jones, L. W. (1989b). “Solidification and stabilization of hazardous wastes, Part 2.”Haz. Mat. Control, 2(2), 24–33, 50–58.
8.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (1992). “Test methods for evaluating solid waste.”Laboratory manual physical/chemical methods, Vol. 1C, Method 1311, Washington, D.C.
9.
Erickson, D. C., and Rogers, L. (1991). “Leachability of chemicals from hazardous waste.”Waste testing and quality assurance, D. Friedman, ed., Vol. 3, ASTM Special Technical Publication, Philadelphia, Pa., 257–267.
10.
Fraay, A. L. A., Bijen, J. M., and de Haan, Y. M.(1989). “The reaction of fly ash in concrete, a critical examination.”Cement and Concrete Res., 19(2), 235–246.
11.
Hassett, D. J., Pflughoeft-Hassett, D. F., and McCarthy, G. J. (1991). “Ettringite formation in coal ash as a mechanism for stabilization of hazardous trace elements.” in Proc., 9th Int. Ash Use Symp., American Coal Ash Association, Washington, D.C., 2, 31–1.
12.
Hills, C. D., Koe, L., Sollars, C. J., and Perry, R.(1992). “Early heat of hydration during the solidification of a metal plating sludge.”Cement and Concrete Res., 22(5), 822–832.
13.
Indraratna, B., Nutalaya, P., Koo, K. S., and Kuganenthira, N.(1991). “Engineering behavior of a low carbon, pozzolanic fly ash and its potential as a construction fill.”Can. Geotech. J., 28(4), 542–555.
14.
Joshi, R. C. (1979). “Sources of pozzolanic activity in fly ashes—a critical review.”Proc., 5th Int. Ash Utilization Symp., National Ash Association, Washington, D.C., 610.
15.
Lea, F. M.(1939). “The chemistry of pozzolanas.”Concrete, 47, 122.
16.
Martinez, J. C., Izquierdo, J. F., Cunill, F., Tefero, J., and Querol, J. (1991). “Reactivation of fly ash and Ca(OH) 2 mixtures for SO 2 removal of flue gas.”Industrial Engrg. Chemical Res., 30(9), 2143–2147.
17.
Mason, R. L., Gunst, R. F., and Hess, J. L. (1989). Statistical design and analysis of experiments . John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
18.
Minnick, J. L. (1982). “The role of fly ash in co-utilization of industrial waste.”Proc., 6th Int. Ash Utilization Symp., National Ash Association, Washington, D.C., 214–223.
19.
Murarka, I. P. (1987). Solid waste disposal and reuse in the United States . CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla.
20.
Parsa, J. (1994). “Experimental modeling of liquid and solid waste encapsulation using fly ash,” MS thesis, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, N.M.
21.
Pollard, S. J. T., Montgomery, D. M., Sollars, C. J., and Perry, R.(1991). “Organic compounds in the cement-based stabilization/solidification of hazardous mixed wastes—mechanistic and process considerations.”J. Haz. Mat., 28(3), 313–327.
22.
Robinson, M. B. (1995). “Leachability reduction using lime/fly ash: an experimental optimization study,” MS thesis, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces, N.M.
23.
Roy, W. R., Thiery, R. G., Schuller, R. M., and Suloway, J. J. (1981). “Coal fly ash: a review of the literature and proposed classification system with emphasis on environmental impacts.”Envir. Geol. Notes 96, Illinois State Geological Survey.
24.
Roy, A., Eaton, H. C., Cartledge, F. K., and Tittlebaum, M. E.(1991). “Solidification/stabilization of a heavy metal sludge by a portland cement/fly ash binding mixture.”Haz. Waste Haz. Mat., 8(1), 33–1.
25.
Smith, R. L., Raba, C. F., and Mearing, M. A. (1982). “The utilization of class C fly ash in concrete.”Proc., 6th Int. Ash Utilization Symp., National Ash Association, Washington, D.C., 179.
26.
Smith, R. L. (1991). “Procedure for evaluating coal fly ash for use in waste stabilization/solidification.”Proc., 9th Int. Ash Use Symp., American Coal Ash Association, Palo Alto, Calif., 30–1.
27.
Spence, R. D., ed. (1993). Chemistry and microstructure of solidified waste forms . Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Fla.
28.
Standard specification for fly ash or calcined natural pozzolan for use as a mineral admixture in portland cement concrete. (1994). ASTM C 618-94a, Vol. 04.02, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 301–303.
29.
Thornton, S. I. (1987). “Ash utilization study.”Proc., Eight Int. Ash Symp., American Coal Ash Association, Palo Alto, Calif., 110.
30.
Versar. (1992). Onsite engineering report for the bench-scale solidification/stabilization of soil washing fines using the TIDE encapsulation technology . U.S. EPA Office of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C.
31.
Zimmels, Y., and Schwartz, D. (1993). “Application of coal fly ash for fixation of hazardous wastes.”Reviews in Chemical Engrg., 9(3–4) 385–417.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 122 • Issue 10 • October 1996
Pages: 935 - 940
Copyright
Copyright © 1996 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Published online: Oct 1, 1996
Published in print: Oct 1996
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.