Analysis of Inactivation of Giardia Lamblia by Chlorine
Publication: Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 115, Issue 1
Abstract
Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (PL‐93‐523) highlight the continuing problem of waterborne disease by mandating the EPA to promulgate; (1) Criteria by which filtration will be required for surface water supplies; and (2) disinfection requirements for all water supplies in the United States. There is interest on the part of the EPA in applying the concept for determining the inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts as a key criterion for determining exceptions to the filtration rule. If a utility, in addition to meeting other requirements, can demonstrate that through effective disinfection, manifested by a sufficient value, it can reduce Giardia levels by 99.9%, then it will be exempted from surface water filtration. In this paper, a model for calculation of values based on animal infectivity data is developed. The model, based on first‐order kinetics, relates values to chlorine concentration, pH, and temperature. The model predictions are compared to laboratory data.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
1.
Berg, G., Chang, S. L., and Harris, E. K. (1964). “Devitalization of microorganisms by iodine. 1. Dynamics of the devitalization of enteroviruses by elemental iodine.” Virol., 22, 469–481.
2.
Clarke, N. A., et al. (1962). “Human enteric viruses in water: source, survival, and removability.” Proc., Int. Conf. on Water Pollution Research, London, U.K., 523–542.
3.
Craun, G. F. (1984). “Waterborne outbreaks of giardiasis: Current status.” Giardia and Giardiasis, S. L. Erlandsen and E. A. Meyers, eds., Plenum Press, New York, N.Y., 243–261.
4.
Fair, G. M., Geyer, J. C., and Okun, D. A. (1968). Water and wastewater engineering. Vol. 2: Water purification and wastewater treatment and disposal. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y.
5.
Fair, G. M., Morris, J. C., and Chang, S. L. (1947). “The dynamics of water chlorination.” J. N. Engl. Water Works Assoc., 61, 285–301.
6.
Fair, G. M., et al. (1948). “The behavior of chlorine as a water disinfectant.” J. Am. Water Works Assoc., 40(10), 1051–1061.
7.
Hibler, C. P., et al. (1987). Inactivation of Giardia cysts with chlorine at 0.5 °C to 5.0 °C, Rept., American Water Works Association Research Foundation, Denver, Colo.
8.
Hoff, J. C. (1986). “Inactivation of microbial agents by chemical disinfectants.” EPA/600/2‐86‐067, EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45.
9.
Hoff, J. C., Rice, E. W., and Schaefer, F. W. HI. (1988). “Disinfection and the control of waterborne giardiasis.” Controlling Waterborne Giardiasis, G. S. Logsdon, ed., ASCE, New York, N.Y., 55–63.
10.
Hoff, J. C., Rice, E. W., and Schaefer, E. W., III. (1985). “Comparison of animal infectivity and excystation as measures of Giardia muris cyst inactivation by chlorine.” Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 50(4), 1115–1117.
11.
Watson, H. E. (1908). “A note on the variation of the rate of disinfection with change in the concentration of the disinfectant.” J. Hgy., 8, 536–592.
12.
Jarroll, E. L., Bingham, A. K., and Meyer, E. A. (1981). “Effect of chlorine on Giardia Lamblia cyst viability.” Appl. Envir. Microbiol., 41, 483–487.
13.
Morris, J. E. (1970). “Disinfectant chemistry and biocidal activities.” Proc. Nat. Specialty Conf. on Disinfection, New York, N.Y., 609–633.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Environmental Engineering
Volume 115 • Issue 1 • February 1989
Pages: 80 - 90
Copyright
Copyright © 1989 ASCE.
History
Published online: Feb 1, 1989
Published in print: Feb 1989
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.