Surveying and Mapping in Canada, 1852-1952

The picture of Canadian surveying efforts, on a national or Dominion-wide basis, starts with early explorer clays. Later, the better populated areas, along both oceans and the southern border, accommodated themselves to standardized practice; but the central interior and mountain sections, less accessible and less hospitable, had to be attacked by new and sometimes pioneering methods, such as by camera and airplane. A brief hi story of Dominion surveying sets the stage, followed by comments on official survey organizations, their relationship and coverage. Special methods, perfected and widely used in these developments, include ground photosurveying, “shoran” trilateration, oblique air photography, and radar altimetry-all concisely described.