Enhancing Pounding Hazard Assessment: Investigating Rubber Bumper Behavior in Base Isolation Systems during Earthquakes
Publication: Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 29, Issue 2
Abstract
Seismic vibrations naturally induce significant horizontal displacements, resulting in collisions between neighboring buildings when there is insufficient spacing. Pounding, which occurs primarily in tall buildings, leads to severe damage due to these impacts. To mitigate structure collisions and reduce the risk of pounding, several approaches have been proposed. These include maintaining adequate separation distances, enhancing structural stiffness, employing supplementary elements, incorporating different dampers, and implementing bumpers. These measures aim to regulate lateral displacement and dissipate energy within the contact zones during impacts. This research paper aims to examine the impact of rubber bumpers in enhancing energy dissipation during collisions. Through experimental testing and numerical simulations, an impact scenario is recreated, and the damping ratio is calculated based on energy dissipation. The study proposes a novel formula for determining the damping ratio specifically tailored for bumpers attached at the base level of structures. This study focuses on defining a new equation to determine the damping ratio of bumpers used in impact scenarios. An iterative procedure is employed, considering parameters such as bumper dimensions, stiffness, and coefficient of restitution. The equation is solved to calculate impact force and energy dissipation. Numerical analysis results are validated against experimental data. Parametric studies are conducted to evaluate the formula’s accuracy by analyzing hysteresis loops obtained from impact tests. The research aims to provide a reliable and effective equation for accurately determining the damping ratio of bumpers in real-world impact situations. The study concludes by selecting the best calibration of hysteresis loops from numerical analyses and experimental tests as the optimal parameter values for demonstrating the equation. To investigate the equation’s impact, two 5-story buildings are modeled, with one of them equipped with a base isolation system and rubber bumpers to assess the influence of the bumpers during earthquakes. The research findings indicated that reducing the number of bumpers and increasing their thickness leads to decreased energy dissipation. Therefore, the suggestion is to increase the number of rubber bumpers and decrease their thickness for improved performance.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Abdel Raheem, S. E. 2014. “Mitigation measures for earthquake induced pounding effects on seismic performance of adjacent buildings.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 12 (4): 1705–1724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9592-2.
Al-Fahdawi, O. A., and L. R. Barroso. 2021. “Adaptive neuro-fuzzy and simple adaptive control methods for full three-dimensional coupled buildings subjected to bi-directional seismic excitations.” Eng. Struct. 232 (Aug): 111798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111798.
Al-Fahdawi, O. A., L. R. Barroso, and R. W. Soares. 2018. “Utilizing the adaptive control in mitigating the seismic response of adjacent buildings connected with MR dampers.” In Proc., Annual American Control Conf. (ACC), 912–917. New York: IEEE.
Anagnostopoulos, S. A. 1988. “Pounding of buildings in series during earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 16 (3): 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290160311.
Anagnostopoulos, S. A. 1995. “Earthquake induced pounding: State of the art.” In Proc., 10th European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering, 897–905. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A. A. Balkema.
Anagnostopoulos, S. A. 1996. “Building pounding re-examined: How serious a problem is it?” In Proc., 11th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
Anagnostopoulos, S. A. 2004. “Equivalent viscous damping for modeling inelastic impacts in earthquake pounding problems.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 33 (8): 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.377.
Barros, R. C., H. Naderpour, S. M. Khatami, and A. Mortezaei. 2013. “Influence of seismic pounding on RC buildings with and without base isolation system subject to near-fault ground motions.” J. Rehabil. Civ. Eng. 1 (Jun): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.22075/JRCE.2013.4.
Jankowski, R. 2008. “Earthquake-induced pounding between equal height buildings with substantially different dynamic properties.” Eng. Struct. 30 (10): 2818–2829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.03.006.
Jankowski, R. 2009. “Non-linear FEM analysis of earthquake-induced pounding between the main building and the stairway tower of the Olive View Hospital.” Eng. Struct. 31 (8): 1851–1864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.03.024.
Jankowski, R. 2010. “Experimental study on earthquake-induced pounding between structural elements made of different building materials.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 39 (3): 343–354. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.941.
Jankowski, R. 2012. “Non-linear FEM analysis of pounding-involved response of buildings under non-uniform earthquake excitation.” Eng. Struct. 37 (Apr): 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.035.
Kajita, Y., T. Kitahara, and N. Nishimoto. 2006. “Estimation of maximum impact force on natural rubber during collision.” In Proc., 1st European Conf. on Earthquake Engineering and Seismologhy (1st Ecees), 497. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates.
Kasai, K., and B. F. Maison. 1997. “Building pounding damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.” Eng. Struct. 19 (3): 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00082-X.
Khatami, S. M., H. Naderpour, A. Mortezaei, M. Maddah, N. Lasowicz, and R. Jankowski. 2023. “Optimum shapes and dimensions of rubber bumpers in order to reduce structural pounding during seismic excitations.” In Vol. 48 of Structures, 1046–1056. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.
Khatami, S. M., H. Naderpour, A. Mortezaei, A. Sharbatdar, N. Lasowicz, and R. Jankowski. 2022. “The effectiveness of rubber bumpers in reducing the effects of earthquake-induced pounding between base-isolated buildings.” Appl. Sci. 12 (10): 4971. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12104971.
Khetmatgozar Dolati, S., A. Mehrabi, and S. Khetmatgozar Dolati. 2021. “Application of viscous damper and laminated of rubber bearing pads for bridges in seismic regions.” Metals 11 (11): 1666.
Komodromos, P., and P. Polycarpou. 2011. “Numerical investigation of potential mitigation measures for poundings of seismically isolated buildings.” Earthquake Struct. 2 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2011.2.1.001.
Komodromos, P., and P. Polycarpou. 2012. “A nonlinear impact model for simulating the use of rubber shock absorbers for mitigating the effect of structural pounding during earthquake.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (Feb): 81–100.
Komodromos, P., P. C. Polycarpou, L. Papaloizou, and M. C. Phocas. 2007. “Response of seismically isolated buildings considering poundings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 36 (12): 1605–1622. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.692.
Martinez, S. N., K. E. Allstadt, S. L. Slaughter, R. Schmitt, E. Collins, L. N. Schaefer, and S. Ellison. 2021. Landslides triggered by the August 14, 2021, magnitude 7.2 Nippes, Haiti, earthquake. Washington, DC: USGS.
Matsagar, V. A., and R. S. Jangid. 2005. “Viscoelastic damper connected to adjacent structures involving seismic isolation.” J. Civ. Eng. Manage. 11 (4): 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/13923730.2005.9636362.
Muthukumar, S., and R. DesRoches. 2006. “A Hertz contact model with non-linear damping for pounding simulation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 35 (7): 811–828. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.557.
Naderpour, H., R. C. Barros, and S. M. Khatami. 2013. “A new equation of motion to calculate the impact force and the energy dissipation.” In Proc., 14th Int. Conf. on Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering Computing. Long Island, NY: AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4203/ccp.102.92.
Naderpour, H., R. C. Barros, and S. M. Khatami. 2014. “A new model for calculating the impact force and the energy dissipation based on CR-factor and impact velocity.” Sci. Iran. 1 (Jun): 48–63.
Naderpour, H., R. C. Barros, S. M. Khatami, and R. Jankowski. 2016. “Numerical study on pounding between two adjacent buildings under earthquake excitation.” Shock. Vib. 2016 (Jan): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1504783.
Naderpour, H., S. M. Khatami, and R. C. Barros. 2017. “Prediction of critical distance between two MDOF systems subjected to seismic excitation in terms of artificial neural networks.” Period. Polytech. Civ. Eng. 61 (3): 516–529. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.9618.
Panayiotis, C., P. Polycarpou, and P. Komodromos. 2011. “Numerical investigation of potential mitigation measures for pounding of seismically isolated building.” Earthquake Struct. 2 (1): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2011.2.1.001.
Polycarpou, P. C., P. Komodromos, and A. C. Polycarpou. 2013. “A nonlinear impact model for simulating the use of rubber shock absorbers for mitigating the effects of structural pounding during earthquakes.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (1): 81–100. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2194.
Ranjbar, P. R., and H. Naderpour. 2020. “Probabilistic evaluation of seismic resilience for typical vital buildings in terms of vulnerability curves.” In Vol. 23 of Structures, 314–323. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.10.017.
Sharbatdar, M. K., S. H. Vaez, G. G. Amiri, and H. Naderpour. 2011. “Seismic response of base-isolated structures with LRB and FPS under near fault ground motions.” Procedia Eng. 14 (Aug): 3245–3251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.410.
Sołtysik, B., T. Falborski, and R. Jankowski. 2017. “Preventing of earthquake-induced pounding between steel structures by using polymer elements—Experimental study.” Procedia Eng. 199 (Aug): 278–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.029.
Tanyas, H., and L. Lombardo. 2019. “Variation in landslide-affected area under the control of ground motion and topography.” Eng. Geol. 260 (Aug): 105229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105229.
Tanyaş, H., T. Görüm, I. Fadel, C. Yıldırım, and L. Lombardo. 2022. “An open dataset for landslides triggered by the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaik oura earthquake, New Zealand.” Landslides 19 (6): 1405–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01869-9.
Ye, K., L. Li, and H. Zhu. 2009. “A note on the Hertz contact model with nonlinear damping for pounding simulation.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 38 (9): 1135–1142. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.883.
Zhao, B., Y. Wang, W. Li, H. Lu, and Z. Li. 2022. “Evaluation of factors controlling the spatial and size distributions of land-slides, 2021 Nippes earthquake, Haiti.” Geomorphology 415 (Oct): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108419.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction
Volume 29 • Issue 2 • May 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 3, 2023
Accepted: Sep 29, 2023
Published online: Dec 19, 2023
Published in print: May 1, 2024
Discussion open until: May 19, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.