Ice Cover Effects on Stream Flows and Mixing

The distributions of velocity, turbulent eddy, and mass diffusivities were computed for three pairs of free-surface and ice-covered flows using the k-ϵ turbulence model. The flow rate, channel slope, and bottom roughness values were kept the same for each pair of flows and the flow depths were computed. The resulting flow depths for ice-covered flows were 15 to 30 percent higher than the depths for free-surface flows. The computed velocity and eddy viscosity distributions do not follow the conventional logarithmic and parabolic distributions for the whole depth of flow. Concentration distributions resulting from the introduction of a neutrally buoyant tracer were computed for all the flows.