Some Basic Concepts on Flow in Branching Conduits

Phenomenological explanations are given of the mechanisms associated with nondisturbed and disturbed flows in branching conduits, as well as straight ducts. Four categories of flow conditions are defined covering situations ranging from deep in the laminar regime (R<10) to high in the complete turbulent regime. Analytical concepts are reviewed, and guidelines are presented for the construction of a standardized laboratory test apparatus. Protocols are presented to aid the design engineer in the calculation of energy losses in pipe flow resulting from fittings, with particular reference to the combining and dividing flows for pipe tees, branches, and manifolds.