River-Ice Problems: A State-of-the-Art Survey and Assessment of Research Needs

The problems associated with river ice are examined, the current state-of-the-art is reviewed, and recommendations for future research are made. The highest research priorities are assigned to the topics of formation process of river ice, ice jams, ice forces, and heat exchange processes and the effects of thermal enrichment. A number of other problems that merit attention are delineated and include ice formation on submerged surfaces, properties of ice, friction factors, sediment transport in rivers with ice, design of water intakes for ice conditions, formation of icings and river glaciations, glacial outbursts, and ice formation at navigation locks.