Performance and Resilience Analysis of a New York Drinking Water System to Localized and System-Wide Emergencies
Publication: Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management
Volume 149, Issue 1
Abstract
Drinking water utilities are vulnerable to both human-caused and natural disasters that can impact the system infrastructure and the delivery of potable water to consumers. Analyzing system performance and resilience can help utilities identify areas of high risk or concern, understand the impacts on consumers, and evaluate response actions during disasters. In this case study, the Water Network Tool for Resilience (WNTR) was used to investigate the performance and resilience of a drinking water system in New York during increased demands due to firefighting, pipe damage, and loss of the source water emergencies. This case study introduced a new combined performance index (CPI) resilience metric, which served to quantify system resilience as a ratio of system performance during an emergency to normal operations. The results revealed that this drinking water system was able to maintain service to most of the consumers during these emergencies due to high redundancy within the system, and conservation efforts extended water service for an additional 20 h. The analysis in this paper can be used by other drinking water utilities to understand their vulnerabilities and evaluate resilience-improving actions in similar disaster scenarios.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code used during the study were provided by a third party (water distribution network model). Direct requests for these materials may be made to the provider as indicated in the Acknowledgements.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge Randy Alstadt, Joint Water Board Administrator at Poughkeepsie’s Water Treatment Facility, for his input and support during this analysis.
Disclaimer
The EPA through its Office of Research and Development funded and managed the research described herein under Interagency Agreement (IA # DW08992524701) with the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) and Interagency Agreement (IA #DW08992513801) with the Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories. It has been subjected to review by the Office of Research and Development and approved for publication. Any mention of trade names, manufacturers, or products does not imply an endorsement by the United States Government or the US Environmental Protection Agency. EPA and its employees do not endorse any commercial products, services, or enterprises. Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the US Department of Energy or the United States Government.
References
Atkinson, S., R. Farmani, A. Fayyaz, and D. Butler. 2014. “Reliability indicators for water distribution system design: Comparison.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 140 (2): 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000304.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2008. Distribution system requirements for the fire protection. Denver: AWWA.
AWWA (American Water Works Association). 2010. Risk and resilience management of water and wastewater systems. Denver: AWWA.
Bacon, J., and A. Madhani. 2017. “Drinking water issues, fire intensify Harvey crisis.” Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2017/08/31/weary-firefighters-begin-block-by-block-hunt-harvey-survivors/619603001/.
Baños, R., J. Reca, J. Martínez, C. Gil, and A. Márquez. 2011. “Resilience indexes for water distribution network design: A performance analysis under demand uncertainty.” Water Resour. Manage. 25 (10): 2351–2366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-011-9812-3.
Bicik, J., Z. Kapelan, and D. A. Savić. 2009. “Operational perspective of the impact of failures in water distribution systems.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009, 1–10. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Brazil, L., N. Grigg, C. Kummerow, and R. Waskom. 2017. “Water and climate: Charting the path to a sustainable future.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 143 (10): 01817002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000832.
Bruneau, M., S. Chang, R. Eguchi, G. Lee, T. O’Rourke, A. Reinhorn, M. Shinozuka, K. Tierney, W. Wallace, and D. Von Winterfeldt. 2003. “A framework to quantitatively assess and enhance the seismic resilience of communities.” Earthquake Spectra 19 (4): 733–752. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1623497.
California Environmental Protection Agency. 2015. “2015 Resolution–NO. 2015-0032.” Accessed July 9, 2021. https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/board_decisions/adopted_orders/resolutions/res15.shtml.
Cook, D., P. Husband, and J. Boxall. 2016. “Operational management of trunk main discolouration risk.” Urban Water J. 13 (4): 382–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2014.993994.
DECNY (Department of Environmental Conservation New York). 1989. “Water conservation requirements.” Accessed February 9, 2022. https://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/86945.html.
DECNY (Department of Environmental Conservation New York). 2022. “Saving water makes good sense.” Accessed February 9, 2022. https://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/5009.html.
Diao, K. G., C. Sweetapple, R. Farmani, G. Fu, S. Ward, and D. Butler. 2016. “Global resilience of water distribution systems.” Water Res. 106 (4): 383–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.10.011.
Dutchess County GIS Metadata Record. 2018. “Municipal boundary file for Dutchess County.” Accessed February 19, 2021. https://gis.ny.gov/gisdata/inventories/details.cfm?DSID=1156.
Dutchess County Water and Wastewater Authority. 2019. “Drinking water quality report.” Accessed July 1, 2020. https://dutchessny.gov/Departments/Water-Wastewater/Docs/2019_Poughkeepsie_AWQR.pdf.
EPA. 2016. “Flood resilience: A basic guide for water and wastewater utilities.” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/waterutilityresponse/flood-resilience-basic-guide-water-and-wastewater-utilities.
EPA. 2018a. “Drought response and recovery guide for water utilities.” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/waterutilityresponse/drought-response-and-recovery-guide-water-utilities.
EPA. 2018b. “Earthquake resilience guide.” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/waterutilityresponse/earthquake-resilience-guide.
EPA. 2019. “Power resilience guide for water and wastewater utilities.” Accessed May 27, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/communitywaterresilience/power-resilience-guide-water-and-wastewater-utilities.
EPA. 2020. “Water network tool for resilience (WNTR).” Accessed November 11, 2020. https://github.com/USEPA/WNTR.
EPA. 2021. “National priorities list (NLP) sites—By State.” Accessed June 15, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/national-priorities-list-npl-sites-state#NY.
Ghidaoui, M., M. Zhao, D. McInnis, and D. Axworthy. 2005. “A review of water hammer theory and practice.” ASME Appl. Mech. Rev. 58 (1): 49–76. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1828050.
Giustolisi, O. 2020. “Water distribution network reliability assessment and isolation valve system.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 146 (1): 04019064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001128.
Gong, C., and W. Zhou. 2017. “First-order reliability method-based system reliability analyses of corroding pipelines considering multiple defects and failure modes.” Struct. Infrastruct. Eng. 13 (11): 1451–1461. https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2017.1285330.
Hassett, P. 2019. “Criticalitymaps.” Accessed June 1, 2019. https://criticalitymaps.readthedocs.io/en/latest/criticality.html.
Hecht, P., S. Stanton, and D. Smith. 2014. “Earthquake in Napa, Calif., leaves widespread damage.” Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/earthquake-napa-calif-widespread-damage.html.
Hughes, R. 2018. “California wildfires: The day Paradise burned down.” Accessed June 6, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46198498.
Hwang, H., A. Forrester, and K. Lansey. 2013. “Resilience of regional water supply systems.” In Proc., World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013: Showcasing the Future, 946–954. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Hwang, H., and K. Lansey. 2021. “Isolation valve impact on failure severity and risk analysis.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 147 (3): 04020110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001320.
Jayaram, N., and K. Srinivasan. 2008. “Performance-based optimal design and rehabilitation of water distribution networks using life cycle costing.” Water Resour. Res. 44 (1): 516. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WR005316.
Jeong, G., A. Wicaksono, and D. Jang. 2017. “Revisiting the resilience index for water distribution networks.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 143 (8): 04017035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000792.
Khatavkar, P., and L. Mays. 2020. “Real-time operation of water-supply canal systems under limited electrical power and/or water availability.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 146 (4): 04020012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001191.
Klise, K., M. Bynum, D. Moriarty, and R. Murray. 2017. “A software framework for assessing the resilience of drinking water systems to disasters with an example earthquake case study.” Environ. Model. Software 95 (4): 420–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.06.022.
Klise, K., D. Hart, D. Moriarty, M. Bynum, R. Murray, J. Burkhardt, and T. Haxton. 2020. “Water network took for resilience (WNTR) user manual: Version 0.2.3.” https://wntr.readthedocs.io/en/latest.
Lambert, A., M. Fantozzi, and J. Thornton. 2013. “Practical approaches to modeling leakage and pressure management in distribution systems–progress since 2005.” In Proc., 12th Int. Conf. on Computing and Control for the Water Industry—CCWI2013. Perugia, Italy: Elsevier.
Laucelli, D., and O. Giustolisi. 2015. “Vulnerability assessment of water distribution networks under seismic actions.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 141 (6): 04014082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000478.
Liu, H. X., T. Walski, G. Fu, and C. Zhang. 2017. “Failure impact analysis of isolation valves in water distribution network.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 143 (7): 04017019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000766.
Marchese, D., A. Jin, C. Fox-Lent, and I. Linkov. 2020. “Resilience for smart water systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 146 (1): 02519002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001130.
Matteson, C. 2019. “Water conservation tips for drought, flood and other disasters.” Accessed February 22, 2021. https://drought.unl.edu/Publications/News.aspx?id=336.
Miller, R. 2021. “Millions of gallons have leaked from burst water pipes in just one Texas city: ‘That is an incredible amount of water.” Accessed June 23, 2021. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2021/02/18/texas-winter-weather-frozen-pipes-burst-food-damage-expected/4489631001/.
Minaei, A., A. Haghighi, and H. Ghafouri. 2019. “Computer-aided decision-making model for multiphase upgrading of aged water distribution mains.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 145 (5): 04019008. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001070.
Minelli, A. 2021. “Performance benchmarking in the water utilities sector.” Accessed February 24, 2022. https://www.performancemagazine.org/benchmarking-water-utilities-sector/.
New York Codes, Rules, and Regulations. 1981. “Title: Section 5-1.27—Adequacy of distribution system.” Accessed March 22, 2022. https://regs.health.ny.gov/content/section-5-127-adequacy-distribution-system.
NIAC (National Infrastructure Advisory Council). 2010. “A framework for establishing critical infrastructure resilience goals.” Accessed February 8, 2022. https://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/niac/niac-a-framework-for-establishing-critical-infrastructure-resilience-goals-2010-10-19.pdf.
Ostfeld, A., D. Kopgan, and U. Shamir. 2002. “Reliability simulation of water distribution systems—Single and multiquality.” Urban Water 4 (1): 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00055-3.
Paez, D., Y. Filion, and C. Suribabu. 2018. “Correlation analysis of reliability surrogate measures in real size water distribution networks.” In Proc., WDSA/CCWI Joint Conf. Ontario, Canada: Queen’s Univ. and the Royal Military College in Kingston.
Plumer, B. 2015. “A guide to California’s drought and water crisis.” Accessed February 22, 2021. https://www.vox.com/2015/4/29/18094190/california-drought-water.
Rossman, L., H. Woo, M. Tryby, F. Shang, R. Janke, and T. Haxton. 2020. “EPANET 2.2 user manual.” Accessed March 22, 2022. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=CESER&dirEntryId=348882.
Srirangarajan, S., M. Allen, A. Preis, M. Iqbal, H. B. Lim, and A. J. Whittle. 2013. “Wavelet-based burst event detection and localization in water distribution systems.” J. Signal Process. Syst. 72 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11265-012-0690-6.
Stevenson, J. R., J. Vargo, V. Ivory, C. Bowie, and S. Wilkinson. 2015.“Resilience benchmarking & monitoring review.” Accessed February 9, 2022. http://resiliencechallenge.nz/w-pcontent/uploads/2018/05/1ResilienceBenchmarkMonitoring-Deliverable1.pdf.
Swain, E. D., J. Gómez-Fragoso, and S. Torres-Gonzalez. 2017. “Projecting impacts of climate change on water availability using artificial neural network techniques.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 143 (12): 04017068. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000844.
Todini, E. 2000. “Looped water distribution networks design using a resilience index based heuristic approach.” Urban Water 2 (2): 115–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(00)00049-2.
Tsakiris, G., and M. Spiliotis. 2012. “Applying resilience indices for assessing the reliability of water distribution systems.” Water Utility J. 3: 19–27.
Turner, J., J. Qiao, M. Lawley, J.-P. Richard, and D. Abraham. 2012. “Mitigating shortage and distribution costs in damaged water networks.” Socio-Econ. Plann. Sci. 46 (4): 315–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2012.02.001.
Walski, T. 1993. “Water distribution valve topology for reliability analysis.” Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 42 (1): 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0951-8320(93)90051-Y.
Zhan, X., F. Meng, S. Liu, and G. Fu. 2020. “Comparing performance indicators for assessing and building resilient water distribution systems.” J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage. 146 (12): 06020012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001303.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2022 Published by American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Nov 3, 2021
Accepted: Sep 8, 2022
Published online: Nov 10, 2022
Published in print: Jan 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Apr 10, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.