Asynchronous Shake-Table Testing of Seismic Resilient Multispan Bridges Having Buckling Restrained Braces in Bidirectional Ductile Diaphragm
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 7
Abstract
The bidirectional ductile end diaphragm concept uses energy-dissipating buckling restrained braces (BRB) as fuses located at the end of a bridge superstructure’s floating spans. This system using BRBs can provide seismic resilient and damage-free bridges fully operational immediately after an earthquake. A shake-table testing program was conducted to subject a 1/2.5-scale specimen to series of ground motions. The specimen tested represents one span of a five-span bridge having BRBs connected to the abutment and the pier next to it. The purpose of these tests was to experimentally validate proposed connection details when subjected to the three-dimensional (3D) displacement histories (compared with the axis of the BRBs) that resulted from bidirectional ground motions and the fact that the connections must accommodate inclined BRB layouts. The test protocol included earthquake displacement histories that represent design demands, cycles of thermal excitations, and (to eventually make the BRBs fail) extreme motions. The testing program validated the effectiveness of the proposed concept and the ability of BRBs to sustain multiple ground motions before failure.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
This study was sponsored by the Transportation Research Board of the National Academies under the TRB-IDEA Program (NCHRP-215). The Fulbright program, SENESCYT Ecuador, and the University of Buffalo, are also acknowledged for their financial support through a scholarship to Dr. Homero Carrion Cabrera. This research was also made possible thanks to the significant donations of material and in-kind donations from the American Institute of Steel Construction, the High Industries Inc. companies (High Steel, High Concrete, and High Transit), CoreBrace LLC, and RJ Watson Inc. However, any opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations presented are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
References
AASHTO. 2011. AASHTO guide specifications for LRFD seismic bridge design. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
AASHTO. 2017. AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications. 8th ed. Washington, DC: AASHTO.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19): An ACI standard: Commentary on building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318R-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). 2016. Specification for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 360-16. Chicago: AISC.
AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction). 2022. Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings. ANSI/AISC 341-22. Chicago: AISC.
Alfawakhiri, F., and M. Bruneau. 2001. “Local versus global ductility demands in simple bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 127 (5): 554–560. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:5(554).
Carden, L. P., A. M. Itani, and I. G. Buckle. 2006. “Seismic performance of steel girder bridges with ductile cross frames using buckling-restrained braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 132 (3): 338–345. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2006)132:3(338).
Carden, L. P., A. M. Itani, and I. G. Buckle. 2008. Seismic performance of steel girder bridge superstructures with ductile end cross frames and seismic isolators. New York: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Carrion-Cabrera, H., and M. Bruneau. 2022a. “Longitudinal-direction design of buckling restrained braces implemented to achieve resilient multi-span bridges.” In Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers-Bridge Engineering, 1–28. London: Institution of Civil Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1680/jbren.21.00097.
Carrion-Cabrera, H., and M. Bruneau. 2022b. “Seismic response of regular multi-span bridges having buckling-restrained braces in their longitudinal direction.” Eng. Struct. 259 (May): 114127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114127.
Carrion-Cabrera, H., and M. Bruneau. 2023. “Equivalent lateral force design method for longitudinal buckling restrained braces in bi-directional ductile diaphragms.” ASCE J. Struct. Eng. 150 (3): 04024003. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12846.
Celik, O. C., and M. Bruneau. 2009. “Seismic behavior of bidirectional-resistant ductile end diaphragms with buckling restrained braces in straight steel bridges.” Eng. Struct. 31 (2): 380–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2008.08.013.
CIRES (Centro de Instrumentación y Registro Sísmico). 2005. “Centro de Instrumentación y Registro Sísmico, México.” Accessed November 2, 2017. http://www.cires.org.mx/.
CoreBrace. 2020. “Vancouver city hall.” Accessed June 1, 2020. https://www.corebrace.com/project/vancouver-city-hall/.
CoreBrace. 2021. “Vincent thomas bridge.” Accessed January 2, 2021. https://corebrace.com/project/vincent-thomas-bridge-seismic-braces/.
Enke, D. L., C. Tirasirichai, and R. Luna. 2008. “Estimation of earthquake loss due to bridge damage in the St. Louis metropolitan area. II: Indirect losses.” Nat. Hazards Rev. 9 (1): 12–19. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2008)9:1(12).
Harris, H. G., and G. Sabnis. 1999. Structural modeling and experimental techniques. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ingham, T., S. Rodriguez, and M. Nader. 1997. “Nonlinear analysis of the Vincent Thomas Bridge for seismic retrofit.” Comput. Struct. 64 (5–6): 1221–1238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(97)00031-X.
Kanaji, H., N. Hamada, T. Ishibashi, M. Amako, and T. Oryu. 2005. “Design and performance tests of buckling restrained braces for seismic retrofit of a long-span bridge.” In Proc., 21th US–Japan Bridge Engineering Workshop Panel on Wind and Seismic Effects. Tsukuba, Japan: Scrib.
Lanning, J., G. Benzoni, and C.-M. Uang. 2016a. “Using buckling-restrained braces on long-span bridges. I: Full-scale testing and design implications.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (5): 04016001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000781.
Lanning, J., G. Benzoni, and C.-M. Uang. 2016b. “Using buckling-restrained braces on long-span bridges. II: Feasibility and development of a near-fault loading protocol.” J. Bridge Eng. 21 (5): 04016002. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000804.
Li, C.-H., Z. Vidmar, B. Saxey, M. Reynolds, and C.-M. Uang. 2022. “A procedure for assessing low-cycle fatigue life of buckling-restrained braces.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (2): 04021259. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003237.
MacRae, G., C.-L. Lee, S. Vazquez-Coluga, J. Cui, S. Alizadeh, and L.-J. Jia. 2021. “BRB system stability considering frame out-of-plane loading and deformation zone.” Bull. N Z Soc. Earthquake Eng. 54 (1): 31–39. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.54.1.31-39.
PEER (Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research). 2006. PEER NGA database. Berkeley, CA: PEER.
Singaucho, J. C., A. Laurendeau, C. Viracucha, and M. Ruiz. 2016. “Observaciones del sismo del 16 de Abril de 2016 de magnitud Mw 7.8, Intensidades y Aceleraciones.” Accessed June 1, 2020. https://www.igepn.edu.ec/servicios/noticias/1324-informe-sismico-especial-n-18-2016.
Takeuchi, T., H. Ozaki, R. Matsui, and F. Sutcu. 2014. “Out-of-plane stability of buckling-restrained braces including moment transfer capacity.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 43 (6): 851–869. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2376.
Wei, X., and M. Bruneau. 2016. Buckling restrained braces applications for superstructure and substructure protection in bridges. New York: Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research.
Wei, X., and M. Bruneau. 2018. “Experimental investigation of buckling restrained braces for bridge bidirectional ductile end diaphragms.” J. Struct. Eng. 144 (6): 04018048. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002042.
Zaboli, B., G. Clifton, and K. Cowie. 2018. “BRBF and CBF gusset plates: Out-of-plane stability design using a simplified notional load yield line (NLYL) method.” SESOC J. 31 (1): 64.
Zahrai, S. M., and M. Bruneau. 1999a. “Cyclic testing of ductile end diaphragms for slab-on-girder steel bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 125 (9): 987–996. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:9(987).
Zahrai, S. M., and M. Bruneau. 1999b. “Ductile end-diaphragms for seismic retrofit of slab-on-girder steel bridges.” J. Struct. Eng. 125 (1): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:1(71).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jun 1, 2023
Accepted: Jan 2, 2024
Published online: Apr 22, 2024
Published in print: Jul 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Sep 22, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bracing
- Bridge engineering
- Bridge tests
- Bridges
- Bridges (by type)
- Buckling
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Continuum mechanics
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- Field tests
- Geotechnical engineering
- Geotechnical investigation
- Ground motion
- Laboratory tests
- Seismic tests
- Shake table tests
- Solid mechanics
- Span bridges
- Structural dynamics
- Structural engineering
- Tests (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.