Structural Investigation of Shear Performance of Square CFST Column Joints with Extended Hollo-Bolts
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 10
Abstract
The performance of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column joints with a group of extended hollo-bolts has been experimentally investigated under the influence of shear loading. The primary focus was to understand the performance of extended hollo-bolts in enhancing the transfer of shear load to the concrete core of the column by bolt bearing. The joint assembly was fabricated with a rigid end-plate, thereby overcoming the influence of endplates in the joint global behavior. A series of full-scale group hollo-bolted CFST column joint tests was carried out, where eight specimens were fabricated with a group of two hollo-bolts, arranged in one row and two rows in the assembly; another five specimens were fabricated with a group of four hollo-bolts, arranged in two rows. Apart from bolt arrangement, the other parameters studied included the use of standard and extended hollo-bolts, the embedment length of the hollo-bolt, and the bolt pitch distance. From the investigation, it is observed that all the joints failed in pure shear signifying utilization of the full capacity of the hollo-bolt, and no prominent bearing failure of concrete was observed. Enhanced composite behavior was achieved using the extended hollo-bolts as the shear load was transferred to the concrete core effectively. A group of two extended hollo-bolts in a single row transmits equal forces to the concrete core, whereas, when two or four extended hollo-bolts are in two rows, the upper row transmits more forces as compared to the bolts in the lower row. Lastly, with pitch distance of 2.5 times bolt hole diameter and beyond, the total strength of the joint is equal to the sum of strength of individual bolts, which confirms that the group action did not deteriorate the joint capacity. Subsequently, an analytical model for the global force-displacement behavior and joint shear strength is proposed by calibrating the test data obtained through this study.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The support received from the Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Steel Construction (Hong Kong Branch) at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University is duly acknowledged.
References
Abramski, M. 2018. “Load-carrying capacity of axially loaded concrete-filled steel tubular columns made of thin tubes.” Arch. Civ. Mech. Eng. 18 (Sep): 902–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.01.002.
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building codes requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
Agheshlui, H., H. Goldsworthy, E. Gad, and S. Fernando. 2016a. “Tensile behaviour of anchored blind bolts in concrete filled square hollow sections.” Mater. Struct. 49 (Apr): 1511–1525. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0592-8.
Agheshlui, H., H. Goldsworthy, E. Gad, and H. Yao. 2016b. “Tensile behavior of groups of anchored blind bolts within concrete-filled steel square hollow sections.” J. Struct. Eng. 142 (2): 04015125. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001388.
Ajax. 2002. ONESIDE brochure B-N012 data sheet. Melbourne, VIC, Australia: AJAX Engineered Fasteners.
Cabrera, M., W. Tizani, M. Mahmood, and M. F. Shamsudin. 2020. “Analysis of Extended Hollo-Bolt connections: Combined failure in tension.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 165 (Feb): 105766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105766.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures—Part 1-8: Design of joints. BS EN 1993-1-8: 2005. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
CEN (European Committee for Standardization). 2009. Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures—Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. EN 1994-1-1. Brussels, Belgium: CEN.
Chen, J., T.-M. Chan, and K.-F. Chung. 2021. “Design of square and rectangular CFST cross-sectional capacities in compression.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 176 (Jan): 106419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106419.
Debnath, P. P., and T.-M. Chan. 2021a. “A comprehensive numerical approach for modelling blind-bolted CFST connections.” Structures 33 (Oct): 2208–2225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2021.05.052.
Debnath, P. P., and T.-M. Chan. 2021b. “Tensile behaviour of headed anchored hollo-bolts in concrete filled hollow steel tube connections.” Eng. Struct. 234 (May): 111982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111982.
Debnath, P. P., and T.-M. Chan. 2022a. “Experimental evaluation and component model for single anchored blind-bolted concrete filled tube connections under direct tension.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 196 (Sep): 107391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107391.
Debnath, P. P., and T.-M. Chan. 2022b. “Experimental performance of single blind-bolted CFST column connection under predominant shear loading.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 196 (Sep): 107386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107386.
Debnath, P. P., F. Xu, and T.-M. Chan. 2023. “Load transfer mechanism in concrete-filled steel tubular columns: Developments, challenges and opportunities.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 203 (Apr): 107781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2023.107781.
Fang, H., T.-M. Chan, and B. Young. 2021. “Structural performance of concrete-filled cold-formed high-strength steel octagonal tubular stub columns.” Eng. Struct. 239 (Jul): 112360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112360.
Gao, X., W. Wang, L. H. Teh, and L. Zhuang. 2022. “A novel slip-critical blind bolt: Experimental studies on shear, tensile and combined tensile–shear resistances.” Thin-Walled Struct. 170 (Jan): 108630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.108630.
Goldsworthy, H. M., and A. P. Gardner. 2006. “Feasibility study for blind-bolted connections to concrete-filled circular steel tubular columns.” Struct. Eng. Mech. 24 (4): 463–478. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2006.24.4.463.
Hu, S., W. Wang, and X. Lin. 2022. “Two-stage machine learning framework for developing probabilistic strength prediction models of structural components: An application for RHS-CHS T-joint.” Eng. Struct. 266 (Sep): 114548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114548.
Hu, S., W. Wang, and Y. Lu. 2023a. “Explainable machine learning models for probabilistic buckling stress prediction of steel shear panel dampers.” Eng. Struct. 288 (Aug): 116235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116235.
Hu, S., W. Wang, M. Shahria Alam, and K. Ke. 2023b. “Life-cycle benefits estimation of self-centering building structures.” Eng. Struct. 284 (Jun): 115982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115982.
Hu, S., and S. Zhu. 2023. “Life-cycle benefits estimation for hybrid seismic-resistant self-centering braced frames.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 52 (10): 3097–3119. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3914.
ISO. 2019. Metallic materials—Tensile testing—Part 1: Method of test at room temperature. ISO 6892-1:2019(EN). Geneva: ISO.
Jeddi, M. Z., and N. H. R. Sulong. 2018. “Pull-out performance of a novel anchor blind bolt (TubeBolt) for beam to concrete-filled tubular (CFT) column bolted connections.” Thin-Walled Struct. 124 (Mar): 402–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.12.028.
Jiang, J., J. Zhang, J. Liu, S. P. Chiew, and C. K. Lee. 2018. “Effect of welding and heat treatment on strength of high-strength steel columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 151 (Dec): 238–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.09.027.
Jiao, W., W. Wang, Y. Chen, and L. H. Teh. 2020. “Seismic performance of concrete-filled SHS column-to-beam connections with slip-critical blind bolts.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 170 (Jul): 106075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106075.
Lindapter. 2018. Brochure of hollo-bolt. Bradford, UK: Lindapter.
Liu, M., B. Zhang, Q. Liu, Y. Liu, L. Tang, W. Zhang, F. Liu, and P. Wang. 2021. “Experimental studies on thread-fixed one-side bolted endplate connection with internal strengthening structure.” Eng. Struct. 246 (Nov): 112977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112977.
Liu, Y., C. Málaga-Chuquitaype, and A. Y. Elghazouli. 2012. “Behaviour of beam-to-tubular column angle connections under shear loads.” Eng. Struct. 42 (Sep): 434–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.027.
Oktavianus, Y., H. M. Goldsworthy, and E. Gad. 2017a. “Group behavior of double-headed anchored blind bolts within concrete-filled circular hollow sections under cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (10): 04017140. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001882.
Oktavianus, Y., H. M. Goldsworthy, and E. F. Gad. 2017b. “Cyclic behaviour of individual double headed anchored blind bolts within CFST.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 133 (Jun): 522–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.03.004.
Pitrakkos, T., and W. Tizani. 2013. “Experimental behaviour of a novel anchored blind-bolt in tension.” Eng. Struct. 49 (Apr): 905–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.12.023.
Pitrakkos, T., W. Tizani, M. Cabrera, and N. Faqe Salh. 2021. “Blind bolts with headed anchors under combined tension and shear.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 179 (Apr): 106546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106546.
Pokharel, T., H. M. Goldsworthy, and E. F. Gad. 2021. “Tensile behavior of groups of double-headed anchored blind bolts within concrete-filled square hollow sections under cyclic loading.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (3): 04020349. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002929.
Sun, L., Z. Liang, Q. Wang, H. Zhu, P. Wang, Y. Liu, and F. Liu. 2021. “Seismic response on T-head square-neck one-side bolted endplate connection of beam to square tubular column.” Eng. Struct. 246 (Nov): 113077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.113077.
Sun, L., M. Liu, Y. Liu, P. Wang, H. Zhao, J. Sun, and Y. Shang. 2020. “Studies on T-shaped one-side bolted connection to hollow section column under bending.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 175 (Dec): 106359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106359.
Thai, H.-T., B. Uy, Y. Yamesri, and F. Aslani. 2017. “Behaviour of bolted endplate composite joints to square and circular CFST columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 131 (Apr): 68–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.12.022.
Tizani, W., A. Al-Mughairi, J. S. Owen, and T. Pitrakkos. 2013a. “Rotational stiffness of a blind-bolted connection to concrete-filled tubes using modified Hollo-bolt.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 80 (Jan): 317–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2012.09.024.
Tizani, W., M. Mahmood, and D. Bournas. 2020. “Effect of concrete infill and slenderness on column-face component in anchored blind-bolt connections.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (4): 04020041. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002557.
Tizani, W., and T. Pitrakkos. 2015. “Performance of T-stub to CFT joints using blind bolts with headed anchors.” J. Struct. Eng. 141 (10): 04015001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001169.
Tizani, W., N. A. Rahman, and T. Pitrakkos. 2014. “Fatigue life of an anchored blind-bolt loaded in tension.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 93 (Feb): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.10.002.
Tizani, W., Z. Y. Wang, and I. Hajirasouliha. 2013b. “Hysteretic performance of a new blind bolted connection to concrete filled columns under cyclic loading: An experimental investigation.” Eng. Struct. 46 (Jan): 535–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.08.020.
Wang, J.-F., L.-H. Han, and B. Uy. 2009. “Behaviour of flush end plate joints to concrete-filled steel tubular columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 65 (4): 925–939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.10.010.
Wang, P., L. Sun, M. Liu, B. Zhang, X. Hu, and J. Yu. 2020. “Experimental studies on thread-fixed one-side bolted connection of beam to hollow square steel tube under static bending moment.” Eng. Struct. 214 (Jul): 110655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110655.
Wang, P., L. Sun, C. Xia, H. Gu, Y. Liu, M. Liu, and F. Liu. 2021a. “Cyclic behavior of T-stub connection to hollow section steel column using TSOBs.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 185 (Oct): 106874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2021.106874.
Wang, P., L. Sun, B. Zhang, X. Yang, F. Liu, and Z. Han. 2021b. “Experimental studies on T-stub to hollow section column connection bolted by T-head square-neck one-side bolts under tension.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 178 (Mar): 106493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106493.
Wang, W., M. Li, Y. Chen, and X. Jian. 2017. “Cyclic behavior of endplate connections to tubular columns with novel slip-critical blind bolts.” Eng. Struct. 148 (Oct): 949–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.015.
Xue, W., M. Ding, H. Wang, and Z. Luo. 2008. “Static behavior and theoretical model of stud shear connectors.” J. Bridge Eng. 13 (6): 623–634. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(623).
Yao, H., H. Goldsworthy, and E. Gad. 2008. “Experimental and numerical investigation of the tensile behavior of blind-bolted T-stub connections to concrete-filled circular columns.” J. Struct. Eng. 134 (2): 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:2(198).
Yu, Z., C. Hou, J. Peng, and L.-H. Han. 2023. “Experimental study on demountable CFST K-joints designed with blind bolts.” Thin-Walled Struct. 187 (Jun): 110723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110723.
Zhu, J.-Y., and T.-K. Chan. 2018a. “Experimental investigation on octagonal concrete filled steel stub columns under uniaxial compression.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 147 (Aug): 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.04.030.
Zhu, J.-Y., and T.-M. Chan. 2018b. “Behaviour of polygonal-shaped steel-tube columns filled with high-strength concrete.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 171 (2): 96–112. https://doi.org/10.1680/jstbu.16.00182.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 10 • October 2024
Copyright
© 2024 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: May 25, 2023
Accepted: Apr 25, 2024
Published online: Jul 27, 2024
Published in print: Oct 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Dec 27, 2024
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Bolts
- Columns
- Composite materials
- Concrete
- Construction engineering
- Construction methods
- Design (by type)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Fastening
- Joints
- Load factors
- Materials engineering
- Steel columns
- Structural design
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Tubes (structure)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.