Progressive Collapse Analysis of the Champlain Towers South in Surfside, Florida
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 1
Abstract
Since the Ronan Point collapse in the UK in 1968, the progressive collapse analysis of residential buildings has gradually drawn the attention of civil engineers and the scientific community. Recent advances in computer science and the development of new numerical methodologies allow us to perform high-fidelity collapse simulations. This paper assesses different scenarios that could have hypothetically caused the collapse of the Champlain Tower South Condo in Surfside, Florida, in 2021, one of the most catastrophic progressive collapse events that has ever occurred. The collapse analysis was performed using the latest developments in the Applied Element Method (AEM). A high-fidelity numerical model of the building was developed according to the actual structural drawings. Several different collapse hypotheses were examined, considering both column failures and degradation scenarios. The analyses showed that the failure of deep beams at the pool deck level, directly connected to the perimeter columns of the building, could have led to the columns’ failure and subsequent collapse of the eastern wing of the building. The simulated scenario highlights the different stages of the collapse sequence and appears to be consistent with what can be observed in the footage of the actual collapse. To improve the performance of the structure against progressive collapse, two modifications to the original design of the building were introduced. From the analyses, it was found that disconnecting the pool deck beam from the perimeter columns could have been effective in preventing the local collapse of the pool deck slab from propagating to the rest of the building. Moreover, these analyses indicate that enhancing the torsional strength and stiffness of the core could have prevented the collapse of the eastern part of the building, given the assumptions and initiation scenarios considered.
Practical Applications
Building catastrophic collapses can cause significant lives and economic losses. Poor design and maintenance, in combination with aging, will more likely increase, in the next years, the number of buildings potentially vulnerable to the risk of collapse, due to either seismic, accidental, or degradation actions. This research focuses on the analysis of the Champlain Tower South condo collapse, which occurred in Surfside, Florida, in 2021. Different hypothetical collapse scenarios were simulated, comparing the analysis results with the actual evidence of the collapse. The analyses have shown that the degradation of the pool deck slab, due to corrosion, may have contributed to the collapse of the building. Finally, two different minor revisions of the original design of the building were analyzed to reduce the risk of failure and understand how the collapse of similar residential buildings could be prevented.
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Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or codes that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance and technical support provided by Applied Science International LLC, ASI, in the use of the employed AEM-based software Extreme Loading for Structures, ELS (ASI 2021). Dr. Hatem Tagel-Din, Ph.D., for the support to the theoretical aspects and related applications of the AEM, and Ayman Elfouly, P.E., and Emiliano De Iuliis, P.E., for the assistance with the modeling and analysis of the structure. Finally, the authors would like to acknowledge the support of the City of Surfside for providing the original as-built structural drawings of the building (William M. Friedman & Associates Architects 1979) and of Andy Slater for providing the permission to use some shots from the video showing the collapse of the Champlain Tower South Condo (Slater 2021).
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Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 1 • January 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 17, 2023
Accepted: Aug 7, 2023
Published online: Nov 9, 2023
Published in print: Jan 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Apr 9, 2024
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