Optimization Analysis of Asymmetric Outrigger-Braced Structures with the Influence of Core-Wall Width
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150, Issue 1
Abstract
In this paper, the optimum outrigger locations of the outrigger-braced structure are studied by considering the influence of the core-wall width and structural asymmetry. The axial forces in the columns are taken as unknowns, and the compatibility equations of the columns’ axial deformation are formulated in terms of the axial forces. Then, the equations governing the optimum locations of the outriggers are formulated to minimize the top drift of the core wall. After that, the parametric analysis on the optimum locations of outriggers, drift-reduction efficiency, and moment-reduction efficiency in the base of the core wall are conducted numerically. The influences of different structural parameters on the optimum locations of outriggers, drift-reduction efficiency, and moment-reduction efficiency in the base of the core wall are all discussed. The change of optimum outrigger locations with the increase of is obviously when or . For the structure with a larger core-wall width, a smaller number of outriggers can be adopted regarding the drift or moment-reduction efficiency. For instance, the drift or moment-reduction efficiency of the structure with one outrigger when is close to the drift or moment-reduction efficiency of the structure with two outriggers when . Some results are presented for reference in the preliminary structural design of asymmetrical outrigger-braced structures with limited core width.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The results presented in this paper were obtained under the support of the Research Committee of the University of Macau (Grant Nos. MYRG2018-00116-FST and MYRG2022-00169-FST).
References
Alhaddad, W., Y. Halabi, H. Xu, and H. G. Lei. 2020a. “A comprehensive introduction to outrigger and belt-truss system in skyscrapers.” Structures 27 (Oct): 989–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.06.028.
Alhaddad, W., Y. Halabi, H. Xu, and H. G. Lei. 2020b. “Outrigger and belt-truss system design for high-rise buildings: A comprehensive review part II-guideline for optimum topology and size design.” Adv. Civ. Eng. 2020 (Feb): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2589735.
Babaei, M. 2017. “Multi-objective optimal number and location for steel outrigger-belt truss system.” J. Eng. Sci. Technol. 12 (10): 2599–2612.
Baygi, S., and A. Khazaee. 2019. “The optimal number of outriggers in a structure under different lateral loadings.” J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A. 100 (4): 753–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-019-00379-7.
Beiraghi, H. 2018. “Near-fault ground motion effects on the responses of tall reinforced concrete walls with buckling-restrained brace outriggers.” Sci. Iran. 25 (4): 1987–1999. https://doi.org/10.24200/sci.2017.4205.
Beiraghi, H., and N. Siahpolo. 2017. “Seismic assessment of RC core-wall building capable of three plastic hinges with outrigger.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 26 (2): e1306. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1306.
Chen, Y., and Z. Zhang. 2018. “Analysis of outrigger numbers and locations in outrigger braced structures using a multiobjective genetic algorithm.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 27 (1): e1408. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1408.
Cheok, M. F., C. C. Lam, and G. K. Er. 2012. “Optimum analysis of outrigger-braced structures with non-uniform core and minimum top-drift.” In Proc., 10th World Congress on Computational Mechanics, 1835–1848. São Paulo, Braizil: Escola Politécnica.
Er, G. K., and V. P. Iu. 2009. “General procedure of formulating the governing equations for analyzing outrigger-braced structures.” In Proc., 7th Int. Conf. on Tall Buildings, 589–595. Singapore: Research Publishing Services.
Habrah, A., M. Batikha, and G. Vasdravellis. 2022. “An analytical optimization study on the core-outrigger system for efficient design of tall buildings under static lateral loads.” J. Build. Eng. 46 (Apr): 103762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103762.
Ho, G. W. M. 2016. “The evolution of outrigger system in tall buildings.” Int. J. High-Rise Build. 5 (1): 21–30. https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2016.5.1.21.
Hoenderkamp, J. C. D. 2004. “Shear wall with outrigger trusses on wall and column foundations.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 13 (1): 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.235.
Hoenderkamp, J. C. D. 2008. “Second outrigger at optimum location on high-rise shear wall.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 17 (3): 619–634. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.369.
Hoenderkamp, J. C. D., and M. C. M. Bakker. 2003. “Analysis of high-rise braced frames with outriggers.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 12 (4): 335–350. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.226.
Hoenderkamp, J. C. D., and H. H. Snijder. 2000. “Simplified analysis of façade rigger braced high-rise structures.” Struct. Des. Tall Build 9 (4): 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1794(200009)9:4%3C309::AID-TAL155%3E3.0.CO;2-Y.
Hoenderkamp, J. C. D., and H. H. Snijder. 2003. “Preliminary analysis of high-rise braced frames with facade riggers.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (5): 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:5(640).
Kamgar, R., and P. Rahgozar. 2019. “Reducing static roof displacement and axial forces of columns in tall buildings based on obtaining the best locations for multi-rigid belt truss outrigger systems.” Asian J. Civ. Eng. 20 (Sep): 759–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-019-00142-0.
Kamgar, R., and P. Rahgozar. 2020. “Optimum location for the belt truss system for minimum roof displacement of steel buildings subjected to critical excitation.” Steel Compos. Struct. 37 (4): 463–479.
Kamgar, R., and R. Rahgozar. 2017. “Determination of optimum location for flexible outrigger systems in tall buildings with constant cross section consisting of framed tube, shear core, belt truss and outrigger system using energy method.” Int. J. Steel Struct. 17 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-014-0172-8.
Kamgar, R., and M. M. Saadatpour. 2012. “A simple mathematical model for free vibration analysis of combined system consisting of framed tube, shear core, belt truss and outrigger system with geometrical discontinuities.” Appl. Math. Modell. 36 (10): 4918–4930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.12.029.
Kavyashree, B. G., S. Patil, and V. S. Rao. 2021. “Evolution of outrigger structural system: A state-of-the-art review.” Arabian J. Sci. Eng. 46 (11): 10313–10331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-021-06074-9.
Kim, H. S. 2017a. “Effect of outriggers on differential column shortening in tall buildings.” Int. J. High-Rise Build. 6 (1): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2017.6.1.91.
Kim, H. S. 2017b. “Optimum design of outriggers in a tall building by alternating nonlinear programming.” Eng. Struct. 150 (Nov): 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.043.
Kim, H. S., H. L. Lee, and Y. J. Lim. 2019. “Multi-objective optimization of dual-purpose outriggers in tall buildings to reduce lateral displacement and differential axial shortening.” Eng. Struct. 189 (Jun): 296–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.098.
Kim, H. S., Y. J. Lim, and H. L. Lee. 2020. “Optimum location of outrigger in tall buildings using finite element analysis and gradient-based optimization method.” J. Build. Eng. 31 (Sep): 101379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101379.
Lee, J., D. Park, K. Lee, and N. Ahn. 2013. “Geometric nonlinear analysis of tall building structures with outriggers.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 22 (5): 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.715.
McNabb, J. W., and B. B. Muvdi. 1975. “Drift reduction factors for belted high-rise structures.” Eng. J. Am. Inst. Steel Constr. 12 (3): 88–91.
Nouri, F., and P. Ashtari. 2015. “Weight and topology optimization of outrigger-braced tall steel structures subjected to the wind loading using GA.” Wind Struct. Int. J. 20 (4): 489–508. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2015.20.4.489.
Park, H. S., E. Lee, S. W. Choi, B. K. Oh, T. Cho, and Y. Kim. 2016. “Genetic-algorithm-based minimum weight design of an outrigger system for high-rise buildings.” Eng. Struct. 117 (Jun): 496–505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.02.027.
Smith, B. S., and A. Coull. 1991. Tall building structures: Analysis and design. New York: Wiley.
Smith, B. S., and I. O. Nwaka. 1980. “Behavior of multi-outrigger braced tall building structures.” ACI Spec. Publ. 63 (Aug): 515–542. https://doi.org/10.14359/6664.
Smith, B. S., and I. Salim. 1981. “Parameter study of outrigger-braced tall building structures.” J. Struct. Div. 107 (10): 2001–2014. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005798.
Taranath, B. S. 1974. “Optimum belt truss locations for high-rise structures.” Eng. J. Am. Inst. Steel Constr. 11 (1): 18–21.
Taranath, B. S. 1998. Steel, concrete, and composite design of tall buildings. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tavakoli, R., R. Kamgar, and R. Rahgozar. 2018. “The best location of belt truss system in tall buildings using multiple criteria subjected to blast loading.” Civ. Eng. J. 4 (6): 1338–1353. https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-0309177.
Tavakoli, R., R. Kamgar, and R. Rahgozar. 2020a. “Optimal location of energy dissipation outrigger in high-rise building considering nonlinear soil-structure interaction effects.” Period. Polytech., Civ. Eng. 64 (3): 887–903. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPci.14673.
Tavakoli, R., R. Kamgar, and R. Rahgozar. 2020b. “Seismic performance of outrigger-braced system based on finite element and component-mode synthesis methods.” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. Civ. Eng. 44 (Dec): 1125–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-019-00299-3.
Wang, L., and X. Zhao. 2021. “Fast optimization of outriggers for super-tall buildings using a sensitivity vector algorithm.” J. Build. Eng. 43 (Nov): 102531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102531.
Wu, J. R., and Q. S. Li. 2003. “Structural performance of multi-outrigger-braced tall buildings.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 12 (2): 155–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.219.
Zhou, Y., C. Zhang, and X. Lu. 2016. “An inter-story drift-based parameter analysis of the optimal location of outriggers in tall buildings.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 25 (5): 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1236.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 150 • Issue 1 • January 2024
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 2, 2023
Accepted: Sep 25, 2023
Published online: Nov 14, 2023
Published in print: Jan 1, 2024
Discussion open until: Apr 14, 2024
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.