Modal Identification of 38 Supertall Buildings and Establishment of Predictive Models
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 4
Abstract
Information on natural frequencies and damping ratios is essential for structural dynamic analysis. To develop predictive models of modal parameters applicable for modern high-rise buildings with increasing heights, an advanced interferometric radar system was employed to measure the displacement responses of 38 supertall buildings with heights ranging from 200 to 600 m under ambient excitations. Then, a combined approach of the stochastic subspace method and an uncertainty bound estimation method are adopted for modal identification, and its accuracy is validated by a numerical simulation study. By applying the modal identification method to the field measurements, modal parameters of the 38 supertall buildings are identified. Based on these results, predictive models for fundamental natural frequency and damping ratio of supertall buildings are accordingly proposed, which are more applicable for the wind-resistant serviceability assessment or design of high-rise buildings with heights over 200 m than existing empirical models.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the published article.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support from the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (Grant No. CityU 11207519) and the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51778554).
References
Amiri, M. M., and M. Yahyai. 2013. “Estimation of damping ratio of TV towers based on ambient vibration monitoring.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 22 (11): 862–875. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.733.
ASCE. 2017. Minimum design loads and associated criteria for buildings and other structures. Reston, VA: ASCE.
Bernal, D., M. Döhler, S. M. Kojidi, K. Kwan, and Y. Liu. 2015. “First mode damping ratios for buildings.” Earthquake Spectra 31 (1): 367–381. https://doi.org/10.1193/101812EQS311M.
Building Department. 2019. Code of practice on wind effects in Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Building Department.
Campbell, S., K. C. S. Kwok, P. A. Hitchcock, K. T. Tse, and H. Y. Leung. 2007. “Field measurements of natural periods of vibration and structural damping of wind-excited tall residential buildings.” Wind Struct. 10 (5): 401–420. https://doi.org/10.12989/was.2007.10.5.401.
China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization. 2010. Technical specification for concrete structures of tall building. JGJ3-2010. Beijing: Construction Industry Press of China.
Cole, H. A. 1973. On-line failure detection and damping measurement of aerospace structures by random decrement signatures. Washington, DC: NASA Contractor Report.
Cruz, C., and E. Miranda. 2017. “Evaluation of damping ratios for the seismic analysis of tall buildings.” J. Struct. Eng. 143 (1): 04016144. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001628.
Di Sarno, L., and G. Manfredi. 2012. “Experimental tests on full-scale RC unretrofitted frame and retrofitted with buckling-restrained braces.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 41 (2): 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1131.
Döhler, M., F. Hille, L. Mevel, and W. Rücker. 2013. “Estimation of modal parameters and their uncertainty bounds from subspace-based system identification.” In Iris industrial safety and life cycle engineering-technologies/standards/applications, 91–106. Vienna, Austria: IRIS Industrial Safety and Life Cycle Engineering—Technologies/Standards/Applications.
Döhler, M., and L. Mevel. 2013. “Efficient multi-order uncertainty computation for stochastic subspace identification.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 38 (2): 346–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2013.01.012.
Feng, Z. Q., B. Zhao, X. G. Hua, and Z. Q. Chen. 2019. “Enhanced EMD-RDT method for output-only ambient modal identification of structures.” J. Aerosp. Eng. 32 (4): 04019046. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0001034.
Fritz, W. P., N. P. Jones, and T. Igusa. 2009. “Predictive models for the median and variability of building period and damping.” J. Struct. Eng. 135 (5): 576–586. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2009)135:5(576).
Gan, D., L. H. Guo, J. P. Liu, and X. H. Zhou. 2011. “Seismic behavior and moment strength of tubed steel reinforced-concrete (SRC) beam-columns.” J. Constr. Steel Res. 67 (10): 1516–1524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.03.025.
Gentile, C., and G. Bernardini. 2008. “Output-only modal identification of a reinforced concrete bridge from radar-based measurements.” NDT&E Int. 41 (7): 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2008.04.005.
Han, L. H., Q. H. Tan, and T. Y. Song. 2013. “Fire performance of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) structures.” Procedia Eng. 62 (Jun): 46–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.08.043.
Hong, L. L., and W. L. Hwang. 2000. “Empirical formula for fundamental vibration periods of reinforced concrete buildings in Taiwan.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 29 (3): 327–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(200003)29:3%3C327::AID-EQE907%3E3.0.CO;2-0.
Hsu, W. T., C. H. Loh, and S. H. Chao. 2015. “Uncertainty calculation for modal parameters used with stochastic subspace identification: An application to a bridge structure.” Proc. SPIE 9435 (1): 94350Q. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2083919.
Kareem, A., and K. Gurley. 1996. “Damping in structures: Its evaluation and treatment of uncertainty.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 59 (2–3): 131–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00004-9.
Lagomarsino, S. 1993. “Forecast models for damping and vibration periods of buildings.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 48 (2–3): 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(93)90138-E.
Lee, S. Y., T. C. Huynh, and J. T. Kim. 2018. “A practical scheme of vibration monitoring and modal analysis for caisson breakwater.” Coastal Eng. 137 (Jul): 103–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2018.03.008.
Li, Q. S., J. Y. Fu, Y. Q. Xiao, Z. N. Li, Z. H. Ni, Z. N. Xie, and M. Gu. 2006. “Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on China’s tallest building.” Eng. Struct. 28 (12): 1745–1758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.02.017.
Li, Q. S., Y. H. He, K. Zhou, X. L. Han, Y. C. He, and Z. R. Shu. 2018. “Structural health monitoring for a 600 m high skyscraper.” Struct. Des. Tall Special Build. 27 (12): e1490. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.1490.
Li, Q. S., K. Zhou, and X. Li. 2020. “Damping estimation of high-rise buildings considering structural modal directions.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 49 (6): 543–566. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3253.
Li, X., and Q. S. Li. 2020. “Prediction models for modal parameters of supertall buildings based on field measurements.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (2): 06019004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002527.
Liu, Y. C., C. H. Loh, and Y. Q. Ni. 2013. “Stochastic subspace identification for output-only modal analysis: Application to super high-rise tower under abnormal loading condition.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 42 (4): 477–498. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2223.
Oliveira, C. S., and M. Navarro. 2010. “Fundamental periods of vibration of RC buildings in Portugal from in-situ experimental and numerical techniques.” Bull. Earthquake Eng. 8 (3): 609–642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-009-9162-1.
Peeters, B., and G. De Roeck. 1999. “Reference-based stochastic subspace identification for output-only modal analysis.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 13 (6): 855–878. https://doi.org/10.1006/mssp.1999.1249.
Pieraccini, M., F. Parrini, M. Fratini, C. Atzeni, P. Spinelli, and M. Micheloni. 2007. “Static and dynamic testing of bridges through microwave interferometry.” NDT&E Int. 40 (3): 208–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2006.10.007.
Qin, S. Q., J. T. Kang, and Q. P. Wang. 2016. “Operational modal analysis based on subspace algorithm with an improved stabilization diagram method.” Shock Vib. 2016 (1): 7598965. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7598965.
Reynders, E., K. Maes, G. Lombaert, and G. De Roeck. 2016. “Uncertainty quantification in operational modal analysis with stochastic subspace identification: Validation and applications.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 66 (Jan): 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2015.04.018.
Reynders, E., R. Pintelon, and G. De Roeck. 2008. “Uncertainty bounds on modal parameters obtained from stochastic subspace identification.” Mech. Syst. Signal Process. 22 (4): 948–969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymssp.2007.10.009.
Saito, T., and H. Yokota. 1996. “Evaluation of dynamic characteristics of high-rise buildings using system identification techniques.” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 59 (2–3): 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(96)00013-X.
Satake, N., K. I. Suda, T. Arakawa, A. Sasaki, and Y. Tamura. 2003. “Damping evaluation using full-scale data of buildings in Japan.” J. Struct. Eng. 129 (4): 470–477. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:4(470).
Smith, R., R. Merello, and M. Willford. 2010. “Intrinsic and supplementary damping in tall buildings.” Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Struct. Build. 163 (2): 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2010.163.2.111.
Sofi, M., E. Lumantarna, A. Zhong, P. A. Mendis, C. Duffield, and R. Barnes. 2018. “Determining dynamic characteristics of high rise buildings using interferometric radar system.” Eng. Struct. 164 (Jun): 230–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.084.
Su, L., X. Huang, J. Q. Zhang, and J. M. LaFave. 2021. “Engineering performance of two analytical methodologies for estimating modal parameter uncertainty for structures.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 28 (7): e2752. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2752.
Tamura, Y. 2012. “Amplitude dependency of damping in buildings and critical tip drift ratio.” Int. J. High-Rise Build. 1 (1): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.21022/IJHRB.2012.1.1.001.
Van Overschee, P., and B. De Moor. 1993. “Subspace algorithms for the stochastic identification problem.” Automatica 29 (3): 649–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(93)90061-W.
Wahab, M. A., and G. De Roeck. 1999. “Damage detection in bridges using modal curvatures: Application to a real damage scenario.” J. Sound Vib. 226 (2): 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2295.
Wang, Z. T., J. Chen, and J. X. Shen. 2021. “Multi-factor and multi-level predictive models of building natural period.” Eng. Struct. 242 (Sep): 112622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112622.
Wu, W. H., S. W. Wang, C. C. Chen, and G. Lai. 2016a. “Application of stochastic subspace identification for stay cables with an alternative stabilization diagram and hierarchical sifting process.” Struct. Control Health Monit. 23 (9): 1194–1213. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.1836.
Wu, W. H., S. W. Wang, C. C. Chen, and G. Lai. 2016b. “Mode identifiability of a cable-stayed bridge under different excitation conditions assessed with an improved algorithm based on stochastic subspace identification.” Smart Mater. Struct. 17 (3): 363–389. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2016.17.3.363.
Xiang, P., M. L. Wei, M. M. Sun, Q. S. Li, L. Z. Jiang, X. Liu, and J. Y. Ren. 2021. “Creep effect on the dynamic response of train-track-continuous bridge system.” Int. J. Struct. Stab. Dyn. 21 (10): 2150139. https://doi.org/10.1142/S021945542150139X.
Yan, B. F., A. Miyamoto, and E. Brühwiler. 2006. “Wavelet transform-based modal parameter identification considering uncertainty.” J. Sound Vib. 291 (1–2): 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2005.06.005.
Zhang, G. W., B. P. Tang, and G. W. Tang. 2012. “An improved stochastic subspace identification for operational modal analysis.” Measurement 45 (5): 1246–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2012.01.012.
Zhang, J. W., and Q. S. Li. 2019. “Identification of modal parameters of a 600-m-high skyscraper from field vibration tests.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 48 (15): 1678–1698. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3219.
Zhou, K., and Q. S. Li. 2021. “Reliability analysis of damping estimation by random decrement technique for high-rise buildings.” Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn. 50 (5): 1251–1270. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3396.
Zhou, K., Q. S. Li, and X. L. Han. 2022. “Modal identification of civil structures via stochastic subspace algorithm with Monte Carlo-based stabilization diagram.” J. Struct. Eng. 148 (6): 04022066. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003353.
Zhou, K., Q. S. Li, and X. Li. 2020. “Dynamic behavior of supertall building with active control system during Super Typhoon Mangkhut.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (5): 04020077. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002626.
Zhou, K., X. W. Luo, and Q. S. Li. 2018. “Decision framework for optimal installation of outriggers in tall buildings.” Autom. Constr. 93 (Sep): 200–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.05.017.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 4 • April 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Jul 30, 2022
Accepted: Dec 2, 2022
Published online: Feb 1, 2023
Published in print: Apr 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Jul 1, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Building design
- Buildings
- Continuum mechanics
- Damping
- Design (by type)
- Dynamic structural analysis
- Dynamics (solid mechanics)
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering mechanics
- High-rise buildings
- Mathematics
- Methodology (by type)
- Motion (dynamics)
- Natural frequency
- Numerical methods
- Oscillations
- Parameters (statistics)
- Solid mechanics
- Statistics
- Structural analysis
- Structural dynamics
- Structural engineering
- Structures (by type)
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
Cited by
- Meng-Meng Sun, Qiu-Sheng Li, Shang-Yu Hu, Noncontact Operational Modal Analysis of a High-Rise Building Based on an Interferometric Radar System and Combined Modal Estimation Scheme, Journal of Structural Engineering, 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-12900, 150, 4, (2024).