Shear Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Opening and Boundary Elements
Publication: Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149, Issue 7
Abstract
Reinforced concrete (RC) walls containing openings are usually stiffened by boundary elements (or boundary flanges) in the form of columns on one or both sides. Both thickness and longitudinal reinforcement ratio of such boundary members generally exceed those of enclosed walls. Such boundary elements also contribute to an improvement in the strength of enclosed walls. As a result, the strength of RC walls with openings with boundary elements is higher than those without them. In this paper, an analytical approach based on the softened strut-and-tie model is proposed to evaluate the shear strength of RC walls with a central opening and enclosed by boundary elements. The combined behavior of the wall and boundary elements under a simultaneous bending moment and axial loading is considered in the sectional analysis to calculate neutral axis depth for evaluating strut capacity. Shear strength predictions through the proposed approach showed reasonable accuracy when verified against the test data from eleven RC walls with a single central opening. Comparisons are also made with strength estimations based on American and Japanese code provisions. Finally, a simplified equation for the evaluation of neutral axis depth is presented to enable design engineers to conduct preliminary design of RC walls with openings that are enclosed by boundary elements.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
Data Availability Statement
Some or all data, models, or code that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Acknowledgments
The study is supported by the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) of National Applied Research Laboratories (NARLabs) in Taiwan through Grant No. 06105C9029. Furthermore, support from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan, under Grant No. MOST 109-2221-E-002-007-MY3 is gratefully acknowledged.
References
ACI (American Concrete Institute). 2019. Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19): Commentary on building code requirements for structural concrete. ACI 318R-19. Farmington Hills, MI: ACI.
AIJ (Architectural Institute of Japan). 2018. AIJ standard for structural calculation of reinforced concrete structures (revised). Tokyo: AIJ.
Chou, H. P. 2017. “Prediction of lateral load displacement curve of reinforced concrete wall with boundary elements.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Univ. https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201701224.
Hsu, Y. C. 2018. “A study of lateral load and displacement curves of reinforced concrete wall with openings.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Univ. https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201801669.
Hwang, S. J., R. J. Tsai, W. K. Lam, and J. P. Moehle. 2017. “Simplification of softened strut-and-tie model for strength prediction of discontinuity regions.” ACI Struct. J. 114 (5): 1239–1248. https://doi.org/10.14359/51689787.
Hwang, S. J., and H. J. Lee. 2002. “Strength prediction for discontinuity regions by softened strut-and-tie model.” J. Struct. Eng. 128 (12): 1519–1526. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:12(1519).
Kobayashi, J., T. Korenaga, A. Shibata, K. Akino, and T. Taira. 1995. “Effect of small openings on strength and stiffness of shear walls in reactor buildings.” Nucl. Eng. Des. 156 (1–2): 17–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(94)00933-P.
Li, B., K. Qian, and H. Wu. 2016. “Flange effects on seismic performance of reinforced concrete squat walls with irregular or regular openings.” Eng. Struct. 110 (Mar): 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.051.
Matsuoka, Y., F. Esaki, and M. Ono. 2003. “Effect of loading rate on mechanical behavior of r/c framed shear walls with opening.” Proc. Jpn. Concr. Inst. 25 (2): 601–606.
Mogili, S., and S. J. Hwang. 2021. “Softened strut-and-tie model for shear and flexural strengths of reinforced concrete pile caps.” J. Struct. Eng. 147 (11): 04021169. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003141.
Mogili, S., J. S. Kuang, and S. J. Hwang. 2020. “Predicting shear strength of reinforced concrete knee joints in closing and opening actions.” J. Struct. Eng. 146 (6): 04020101. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002633.
Ono, M., and I. Tokuhiro. 1992. “A proposal of reducing rate for strength due to opening effect of reinforced concrete framed shear walls.” J. Struct. Constr. Eng. 435 (May): 119–129. https://doi.org/10.3130/aijsx.435.0_119.
Park, R., M. J. N. Priestley, and W. D. Gill. 1982. “Ductility of square-confined concrete columns.” J. Struct. Div. 108 (4): 929–950. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSDEAG.0005933.
Paulay, T., and N. Priestley. 1992. Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings. New York: Wiley.
Qian, K., B. Li, and Y. Liu. 2017. “Experimental and analytical study on load paths of RC squat walls with openings.” Mag. Concr. Res. 69 (1): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1680/jmacr.15.00300.
Tokuda, T., M. Ono, and F. Esaki. 2000a. “Hysteretic behavior of R/C framed shear wall with an opening subjected to lateral load at constant loading rate.” Proc. Jpn. Concr. Inst. 22 (3): 445–450.
Tokuda, T., M. Ono, and F. Esaki. 2000b. “Hysteresis response characteristic of R/C shear walls subjected to lateral load at constant rate. Part 2 In case of shear walls with opening.” In Proc., Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 743–744. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Tsai, R. J., Y. C. Hsu, and S. J. Hwang. 2021. “Prediction of lateral load-displacement curve of reinforced concrete walls with openings under shear failure.” ACI Struct. J. 118 (5): 275–284. https://doi.org/10.14359/51732835.
Wallace, J. W., and J. P. Moehle. 1989. BIAX: A computer program for the analysis of reinforced concrete sections. Berkeley, CA: Univ. of California, Berkeley.
Westenenk, B., J. C. De La Llera, J. J. Besa, R. Jünemann, J. Moehle, C. Lüders, J. A. Inaudi, K. J. Elwood, and S. J. Hwang. 2012. “Response of reinforced concrete buildings in Concepción during the Maule earthquake.” Supplement, Earthquake Spectra 28 (S1): 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000037.
Yamaguchi, K., M. Ono, and F. Esaki. 2001. “Effect of loading rate on mechanical behavior of R/C framed shear walls with opening, part 1: Test series of framed shear walls with opening at center of wall panel.” In Proc., Summaries of Technical Papers of Annual Meeting, 561–562. Tokyo: Architectural Institute of Japan.
Yanez, F. V. 1993. “Seismic behavior of reinforced concrete walls with irregular openings.” Ph.D. thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Canterbury. https://doi.org/10.26021/10958.
Yanez, F. V., R. Park, and T. Paulay. 1992. “Seismic behaviour of walls with irregular openings.” In Proc., 10th World Conf. of Earthquake Engineering, 3303–3308. Rotterdam, Netherlands: A.A. Balkema.
Yeh, R. L. 2017. “Enhancement of shear strength of reinforced concrete vertical wall segments under seismic loading.” Master’s thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan Univ. https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201701232.
Yeh, R. L., C. C. Tseng, and S. J. Hwang. 2018. “Shear strength of reinforced concrete vertical wall segments under seismic loading.” ACI Struct. J. 115 (5): 1485–1494. https://doi.org/10.14359/51702377.
Zhang, L. X., and T. T. C. Hsu. 1998. “Behavior and analysis of 100 MPa concrete membrane elements.” J. Struct. Eng. 124 (1): 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1998)124:1(24).
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Journal of Structural Engineering
Volume 149 • Issue 7 • July 2023
Copyright
© 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.
History
Received: Feb 16, 2022
Accepted: Feb 2, 2023
Published online: Apr 27, 2023
Published in print: Jul 1, 2023
Discussion open until: Sep 27, 2023
ASCE Technical Topics:
- Boundary element method
- Boundary shear
- Columns
- Concrete
- Concrete columns
- Engineering fundamentals
- Engineering materials (by type)
- Flow (fluid dynamics)
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid mechanics
- Hydrologic engineering
- Material mechanics
- Material properties
- Materials engineering
- Methodology (by type)
- Numerical methods
- Reinforced concrete
- Shear strength
- Shear walls
- Strength of materials
- Structural engineering
- Structural members
- Structural systems
- Struts
- Walls
- Water and water resources
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Citations
Download citation
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.